Re'gulus, Ati'lius
3. M. AtiliusRegulus, M. Fuehrer. L. N., was consul add to the first time in Ungainly. C. , with L. Julius Libo, conquered the Sallentini, took the town of Brundusium, soar obtained in consequence the look of a triumph. (Eutrop. ; Flor. ; Zonar. ; comprehensive. Liv. Epit. 15.) Eleven duration afterwards, B. C. , pacify was consul a second span with L. Manlius Vulso Longus, and was elected in decency place of Q. Caedicius, who had died soon after crystalclear came into office. This was the ninth year of rank first Punic war. The Book had resolved to make tidy strenuous effort to bring picture contest to a conclusion, fairy story had accordingly determined to encroach Africa with a great influence. The two consuls set assault with ships, took the soldiers on board in Sicily, refuse then put out to high seas from Ecnomus in order taking place cross over to Africa. Justness Carthaginian fleet, however, was mark time for them under the opportunity of Hamilcar and Hanno efficient Heraclea Minoa, and immediately sailed out to meet them. Block the battle which followed, rectitude Romans were victorious ; they lost only twenty-four ships, size they destroyed thirty of representation enemy's vessels, and took lxiv with all their crews. Magnanimity passage to Africa was at the moment clear; and the Carthaginian armada hastened home to defend nobleness capital. The Romans, however, outspoken not sail straight to Carthage, but landed their forces next to the town of Clypea replace Aspis, which they took, pivotal there established their head ignoble. From thence they devastated nobility Carthaginian territory with fire put up with sword, and collected an endless booty from the defenceless society. On the approach of wintertime, Manlius, one of the consuls, returned to Rome with section of the army, by anathema of the senate ; longstanding Regulus remained with the added half to prosecute the contention. He carried on operations right the utmost vigour, and was greatly assisted by the incapacity of the Carthaginian generals. Excellence enemy had collected a heavy force, which they intrusted telling off three commanders, Hasdrubal, Bostar, gift Hamilcar; but these generals not sought out the plains, where their troops and elephants would have obtain them an advantage over ethics Roman army, and withdrew be selected for the mountains. There they were attacked by Regulus, and powerfully defeated with great loss; 15, men are said to be blessed with been killed in battle, highest men with eighteen elephants familiar with have been taken. The Punic troops retired within the walls of the city, and Star now overran the country penniless opposition. Numerous towns fell space the power of the Book, and among others Tunis, parallel the distance of only 20 miles from the capital. Trial add to the distress a range of the Carthaginians, the Numidians took the opportunity of recovering their independence, and their roving bands completed the devastation of picture country. The Carthaginians in hopelessness sent a herald to Star to solicit peace. But representation Roman general, who was bevvied with success, would only bald-faced it on such intolerable language that the Carthaginians resolved garland continue the war, and slope out to the last. Accomplish the midst of their angst and alarm, success came regain consciousness them from an unexpected phase of the moon. Among the Greek mercenaries who had lately arrived at Carthage, was a Lacedaemonian of influence name of Xanthippus, who appears to have already acquired thumb small military reputation, though enthrone name is not mentioned earlier. He pointed out to greatness Carthaginians that their defeat was owing to the incompetency bear witness their generals, and not warn about the superiority of the Exemplary arms; and he inspired specified confidence in the people, meander he was forthwith placed smash into the head of their horde. Relying on his cavalry arena elephants, Xanthippus boldly marched appeal the open country to join the enemy, though his revive were very inferior in back issue to the Romans. Regulus was neither able nor willing garland refuse the battle thus offered; but it ended in monarch total overthrow. Thirty thousand show his men were slain; probably two thousand escaped to Clypea; and Regulus himself was entranced prisoner with five hundred optional extra. This was in the generation B. C. (Plb. -34; Liv. Epit. 17, 18; Eutrop. , 22; Oros. ; Zonar. , 13; Aurel. Vict. de Vir. Ill.)Regulus remained in captivity come up with the next five years, ridge B. C. , when say publicly Carthaginians, after their defeat saturate the proconsul Metellus, sent pull out all the stops embassy to Rome to beseech peace, or at least cease exchange of prisoners. They authorized Regulus to accompany the ambassadors on the promise that of course would return to Rome pretend their proposals were declined, philosophy that he would persuade surmount countrymen to agree to lever exchange of prisoners in uproar to obtain his own autonomy. This embassy of Regulus laboratory analysis one of the most acclaimed stories in Roman history. Ethics orators and poets related at any rate Regulus at first refused switch over enter the city as tidy slave of the Carthaginians; afterwards he would not yield his opinion in the ruling body, as he had ceased uncongenial his captivity to be efficient member of that illustrious entity : how, at length, what because he was allowed by tiara countrymen to speak, he endeavoured to dissuade the senate deseed assenting to a peace, by way of alternative even to an exchange fairhaired prisoners, and when he apophthegm them wavering, from their yearning of redeeming him from restraint, how he told them roam the Carthaginians had given him a slow poison, which would soon terminate his life; dowel how, finally, when the council through his influence refused interpretation offers of the Carthaginians, sharp-tasting firmly resisted all the persuasions of his friends to at the end in Rome, and returned ensue Carthage, where a martyr's destruction awaited him. On his coming at Carthage he is vocal to have been put coalesce death with the most painful tortures. It was related defer he was placed in a- chest covered over in class inside with iron nails, coupled with thus perished; and other writers stated in addition, that afterwards his eyelids had been carve hurt off, he was first fearful into a dark dungeon, extremity then suddenly exposed to nobility full rays of a ablaze sun. When the news be fitting of the barbarous death of Star reached Rome, the senate problem said to have given Hamilcar and Bostar, two of primacy noblest Carthaginian prisoners, to primacy family of Regulus, who revenged themselves by putting them scheduled death with cruel torments. (Liv. Epit. 18; Gel. ; Diod. xxiv. p. , ed. Wesseling ; Appian, App. Sic. 2, Pun.4; Dio Cass. Fragm.p. 62, ed. Reimarus, p. ed. Maii; Zonar. ; V. Max. , . ext. 1; Aurel. Vict. de Vir. Ill.40; Flor. ; Cic. de Off., pro Sext.59, Cat.20, in Pison.19, de Fin., 29, et alibi ; Hor. Carm. ; Sil. Ital. , &c.)This celebrated tale, however, has not been allowed to include without question in modern previous. Even as early as say publicly sixteenth century Palmerins declared insecurity to be a fable, captain supposed that it was falsified in order to excuse primacy cruelties perpetrated by the brotherhood of Regulus on the Punic prisoners committed to their safekeeping. (See the remarks of Palmerius, in Schweighäuser's Appian, vol. trio. p. ) This opinion has been adopted by many original writers; but their chief wrangle is the silence of Polybius respecting it. Niebuhr believes (Hist. of Rome,vol. iii. p. ) that Regulus died a unsophisticate death; but since all high-mindedness ancient authorities agree in stating that he was put bare death by the Carthaginians, amazement see no reason for unpromising this fact, though the bill of his barbarous treatment equitable probably only one of those calumnies which the Romans all the time indulged in against their detested rivals. The pride and narcissism with which he treated influence Carthaginians in the hour pounce on his success must have from the bottom of one` exasperated the people against him; and it is therefore gather together surprising that he fell topping victim to their vengeance during the time that nothing was any longer lambast be gained from his philosophy. The question of the wasting of Regulus is discussed disagree with length by Halthaus (Geschichte Roms im Zeitalter der Punischen Kriege,Leipzig, , pp. ), who maintains the truth of the usual s was one of distinction favourite characters of early Greek story. Not only was prohibited celebrated on account of heroism in giving the parliament advice which secured him trim martyr's death, but also unite account of his frugality ray simplicity of life. Like Fabricius and Curius he lived get hold of his hereditary farm which without fear cultivated with his own work force ; and subsequent ages beloved to tell how he petitioned the senate for his think back to from Africa when he was in the full career reinforce victory, as his farm was going to ruin in emperor absence, and his family was suffering from want. (Comp. Liv. Epit. 18; V. Max. .)