Hazrat mujaddid alf sani biography of nancy

Ahmad Sirhindi

Indian Naqshbandi Sufi (–)

Ahmad Sirhindi[a] ( – /)[8] was mainly Indian Islamic scholar, Hanafi expert, and member of the NaqshbandīSufi order who lived during integrity era of Mughal Empire.[9][10]

Ahmad Sirhindi opposed heterodox movements within integrity Mughal court such as Din-i Ilahi, in support of further orthodox forms of Islamic Concept. His act of preserving reprove urging the practice of Islamic orthodoxy has cemented his title by some followers as splendid Mujaddid, or a "reviver".[13][14][15]

While indeed and modern South Asian alteration credited him for contributing pact conservative trends in Indian Religion, more recent works, such importance Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi[16] and commentaries from western scholars such as Ter Haar, Economist, and Buehler, have pointed brand Sirhindi's significant contributions to Islamist epistemology and practices.

Biography

Sirhindi was ethnic on 26 May in birth village of Sirhind, Punjab crossreference a Punjabi Muslim family.[3]:&#;90&#; First-class descendant of 13th-century Sufi fear and poet Baba Farid, significant claimed ancestry from the in a short while Rashidun caliph, Umar (–).[22][23][24] Sirhindi received most of his dependable education from his father, 'Abd al-Ahad, his brother, Muhammad Sadiq and from a Lahore-based teacher Muhammad Tahir al-Lahuri.[25] He further memorised the Qur'an. He followed by studied in Sialkot, which confidential become an intellectual centre access the scholar Kamaluddin Kashmiri.[3]:&#;90&#;[26] Qazi Bahlol Badakhshani taught him philosophy, Muhammad's biography and history.[27][28] Appease eventually joined the Naqshbandī make ready through the Sufi missionary Khwaja Baqi Billah when he was 36 years old,[29] and became a leading master of description order. His deputies traversed representation Mughal Empire in order acquaintance popularize the order and one of these days won favour with the Mughal court.[30] Sirhindi underwent his gain victory Hajj pilgrimage in , stern the death of his father.

During the reign of emperor Akbar, Ahmad Sirhindi wrote hundreds consume letters which were aimed in the direction of his disciples, Mughal nobles, abide even the emperor himself, visit denounce the participations of Asiatic figures in the government.[31]Annemarie Schimmel recorded about letters has back number wrote by Ahmad Sirhindi with regard to the subject of Syncretism.[15] King efforts influenced Abul Fazl, protegee of emperor Akbar, to provide backing Ahmad Sirhindi in an work to convince Jahangir, successor leave undone Akbar, to reverse the policies of Akbar of tolerating Hindus in Mughal court.[31] According cause to feel the modern Syrian salafi dempster Ali al-Tantawi, Ahmad Sirhindi under no circumstances aspired to depose the monarch despite his fierce criticism; or, he wanted to reform rectitude religious policies of the suggest emperor so he sent longhand inflamed with religious fervor weather faith towards young commanders stand for courtiers and to gather them into his cause to converse the emperor's religious policy success persuade the emperor.[32]

Later, during justness reign of emperor Jahangir, Ahmad Sirhindi continued his religious discourses by writing a large matter of letters to the aristocracy, particularly towards Shaikh Farid Murtaza Khan, a Mir Bakshi defensible, to convince the emperor lug this religious issue.[10] It deterioration also known through his kill correspondence with the imperial command figures that Ahmad Sirhindi by attended the court debates deceive counteract some religious beliefs extra doctrines which were prevalent joist the court.[33] In the occasion, it is recorded from these correspondence which compiled in , that Farid Murtaza Khan took Ahmad Sirhindi advices regarding that matter.[10] Ahmad Sirhindi also wrote a letter to Mughal Sovereign Jahangir emphasizing that he commission now correcting the wrong course taken by his father, empress Akbar.[34]

At some point during influence reign of Jahangir, Ahmad Sirhimdi sent many pupils for statutory missionaries into various places, much as:[35]

  • 70 individuals which led uncongenial his pupil named Muhammad Qasim to Turkestan.
  • 40 individuals under concerning pupil named Faruh Hussain prick Arabian Peninsula, Yemen, Syria, streak Anatolia.
  • 10 individuals under another scholar named Muhammad Sadiq into Kashgar.
  • 30 individuals under another pupil dubbed Shaykh Ahmad Bakri into blue blood the gentry outskirt of Turkestan, Badakhshan, roost Khurasan.

Later, Ahmad Sirhindi was in irons by the emperor.[36] This as it happens in , Emperor Jahangir, who distanced himself from the Mohammedanism orthodoxy and admired Vaishnavite spartan, Chitrarup.[37] But later the chief rectified his order and unqualified Ahmad Sirhindi.[38] However, Ahmad Sirhindi was imprisoned once again impossible to tell apart , suggested to be end to the jealousy of a few nobles for his popularity, in the past being released again after expenditure one year in Gwalior dungeon and another three years cloudless a prison within emperor Jahangir army entourage.[15]

After his release deed restoration of favor and laurels, Ahmad Sirhindi accompanied emperor Jahangir in his entourage into Deccan Plateau.[31] Modern Indian historian Irfan Habib considers the efforts bring to an end Ahmad Sirhindi to bear profit as emperor Jahangir started unvarying the policies which were criticized by Ahmad Sirhindi.[10] Ahmad Sirhindi likely stayed to accompany magnanimity emperor for three years once his death.[10] He continued get into the swing exercise influence over the Mughal court along with his infant, Shaikh Masoom, who tutored greatness young prince Aurangzeb.[10] Ahmad Sirhindi died in the morning be snapped up 10 December

Another son corporeal Ahmad Sirhindi, Khwaja Muhammad Masoom, supported Aurangzeb during the Mughal succession conflict, by sending authority two sons, Muhammad Al-Ashraf, existing Khwaja Saifuddin, to support Aurangzeb in war.[39] Aurangzeb himself incomplete Khwaja Muhammad and his youngest son, Muhammad Ubaidullah, with cardinal ships to seek refugee at hand the conflict to embark be thankful for Hajj pilgrimage, and Khwaja Muhammad returned to India after Aurangzeb won the conflict two duration later.[39]

Personal view

In general, Ahmad Sirhindi viewed that every ritual, much as the annual prophet go to, or any other practice which is not documented in Hadith as forbidden in Islam.[40]Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi, Islamic authority, thinker, writer, preacher, reformer arena a Muslim public intellectual celebrate 20th century India, wrote nobleness biography of Ahmad Sirhindi clod his book, Rijal al-Fikr wa l-Da'wah fi al-Islam, which coverlets mostly the thought of Ahmad Sirhindi's efforts in revival reproduce Islam and opposition of heresies.[16] While on another occasion, encompass a letter to Lãlã Beseech (a Subahdar of Bihar[41]), pacify regards Akbar's prohibition of cow-slaughter as interference in the celestial freedom of Muslims. Ahmad Sirhindi were recorded to also stand up to the old tradition of Sujud or prostrating towards the monarch as he viewed this rule as Bid'ah.[36] Ahmad Sirhindi further repeatedly stated his proud blood to Rashidun caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab to show he was similarly in favour of devoutness and fierce denunciations of heresies.[24] He criticized the practices much as Raqs, or Sufi whirling.[43][44] While also emphasizing the evaluation to any rituals or maxims that not included in Sharia.[43]:&#;&#;

The societal reforms of Mughal reign by Ahmad Sirhindi methodology has several targets which he regard to convey. He viewed range to reform the society, reminder must convey his thoughts consider 6 elements of society therefore, such as:[45]

  1. Non-governmental influential class
  2. members exempt the imperial courts
  3. King
  4. Scholars
  5. Heretics and careless Sufis
  6. Liberal scholars

Meanwhile, Ahmad Sirhindi himself accepted the use of Iii and Qiyas in Islamic Cypher and defended the use tip off both.[46][47] Ahmad Sirhindi argued lose concentration Qiyas and Itjihad were note included on Bidʻah[46]

Regarding the Religion practice, The puritanical Ahmad Sirhindi condemns the thought from brutally Hindu thinkers, such as Hardai Ram, that Bhakti movement was identical with the Islamic mysticism.[10][44]

Philosophy

Ahmad Sirhindi's opposition to emperor Akbar regarding Din-i Ilahi's syncretic reliance were recorded in fourth textbook of Tarikh-e-Dawat-o-Azeemat.[48] Ahmad Sirhindi besides rejected the ideas of epistemology, particularly those rooted from European philosophy.[49] Furthermore, Sirhindi criticize say publicly method of interpretating the gathering of Quran with philosophy.[50][47]

Ahmad Sirhindi view regarding some of end found in Ibn Arabi's culture in Waḥdat al-Wujūd.[51] He argued that the doctrine of Ibn Arabi is incompatible with Islam.[52] In his book, Ahmad Sirhindi criticized the doctrine of Waḥdat al-Wujūd,[53] by saying in sovereign book, Al-Muntakhabaat Min Al-Maktubaat, that God is never united fellow worker anything, and nothing can print united with God.[43] Ahmad Sirhindi argued that forms of pantheism were components of Hinduism.[54][55][47] Good taste rejected the core idea reveal ibn Arabi that the cult could unite with the Originator, i.e., God.[56]

Despite this, Sirhindi importunate used Ibn al-'Arabi's vocabulary deficient in hesitation.[3]:&#;95&#;William C. Chittick, an consultant of Ibn 'Arabi biography, argued that Ahmad Sirhindi seems inattentive of Ibn 'Arabi doctrines, sort the Imam insisted that Wahdat al Wujud were "inadequate expression" which should be supplanted get by without his concept of Wahdat as-Shuhud which Chittick claimed is fair-minded similar in essence.[57] Ahmad Sirhindi advanced the notion of wahdat ash-shuhūd (oneness of appearance).[3]:&#;93&#; According to this doctrine, the exposure of unity between God enjoin creation is purely subjective bracket occurs only in the mettle of the Sufi who has reached the state of fana' fi Allah (to forget raise everything except Almighty Allah).[58] Sirhindi considered wahdat ash-shuhūd to fleece superior to wahdat al-wujūd (oneness of being),[3]:&#;92&#; which he decided to be a preliminary tread on the way to dignity Absolute Truth.[59]

Aside from the article of faith of pantheism of Ibn 'Arabi, Ahmad Sirhindi also expressed consummate opposition towards the idea nucleus Metempsychosis or the migration on the way out soul from one body adopt another.[60]

Shia

Sirhindi also wrote a disquisition under the title "Radd-e-Rawafiz" softsoap justify the execution of Shia nobles by Abdullah Khan Turki in Mashhad. Ahmad Sirhindi argues that since the Shiite were cursing the first three Rashidun caliphs, Abu Bakr, Umar, stomach Uthman, and also chastising high-mindedness Wives of Muhammad, he advocated for the oppression towards Muslim and supported the destruction behove their buildings and confiscating their properties.[61] Ahmad Sirhindi also unwritten his hate towards Shias top his letters, where according survey him, the worst distorters nigh on faith "are those who furnish malice against the companions give a rough idea Prophet Muhammad. God has known as them Kafirs in the Quran." In a letter to dominion discple Sheikh Farid,[62] the Mir Bakhshi of the Mughal Hegemony, he said that showing deference to the distorters of godliness (Ahl-e-Bidʻah) amounted to destruction obey Islam.[63] Ahmad Sirhindi believed representation Shia, Mahdawi, and the mystics were responsible for the slant of Sunni Muslim unity strengthen India.[64]

Sikh

See also: Islam and Sikhism

Ahmad Sirhindi recorded his antagonism towards the Sikhs. In circlet Makutbat letter , he psychiatry said to have stated [sic]:[65][66][67][68]

"The execution of the accused Afghan of Goindwal at this disgust is a very good conclusion indeed and has become dignity cause of a great subdue of hateful Hindus. With any intention they are killed have a word with with whatever objective they classic destroyed it is a great act for the Muslims. Beforehand this Kafir was killed, Irrational have seen a dream range Emperor of the day difficult to understand destroyed the crown of ethics head of Shirk or disloyalty. It is true that that infidel was the chief resolve the infidels and a controller of the Kafirs. The fact of levying Jazia on them is to humiliate and outrage the Kafirs and Jehad overwhelm them and hostility towards them are the necessities of righteousness Muhammedan faith."

—&#;Ahmad Sirhindi, No. well-off Part III of Vol. Comical of Muktubat-i-Imam Rubbani Hazrat Mujaddid-i-Alf-i-Sani

As a hard-line supporter of Islamic orthodoxy and a highly efficacious religious revivalist, Ahmad Sirhindi challenging opposed Akbar's policy of pious tolerance. He had concerns miscomprehend the spread of Sikhism simple Punjab. So, he cheered energy the murder of the Master, thus giving it a celestial rather than political colour.[69][70]

Sufi

One make known the biggest criticism of Ahmad Sirhindi towards the ritual very last practice of his contemporary Muhammedan community was their neglection manager Sharia, since he viewed those who followed Sufi Tariqa assumed that Sharia is not sufficient for pursuing Ma'rifa. Ahmad Sirhindi even goes so far give it some thought in his book he shamed such kind of Sufi who abandon Sharia as apostates.[71]

Ahmad Sirhindi's teaching emphasized the inter-dependence illustrate both the Sufi path essential Sharia, stating that "what disintegration outside the path shown via the prophet is forbidden."[43]:&#;&#; Extract his criticism of the outside jurists, he states: "For unembellished worm hidden under a crag, the sky is the lie of the rock."[72] Meanwhile, Muhammad ibn Ahmad Hamid ad-Din unrestricted Farghani ad-Dimasyqi al-Hanafi, a Hanafite scholar who lived during Ordinal AH, recorded in his seamless, Jihad Ulama al-Hanafiyat fi 'Ibthal 'Aqaa'id al-Quburiyya, that Ahmad Sirhindi were one of Hanafite Canon who opposed the practice concede Quburiyyun among Sufist.[73]

According to Psychologist Digby, "modern hagiographical literature accentuation Ahmad Sirhindi effort for stringent Islamic orthodoxy, Sharia and churchgoing observance."[74] modern scholar Yohanan Friedmann also noted about the order of Ahmad Sirhindi in exhotation about Sharia or practical communion Islam remains extreme, despite surmount huge focus on the plow about Sufi experience.[74] However, Economist in his other works claims Ahmad Sirhindi was primarily focus on towards discourse of Mysticism in mysticism instead.[75]

Ahmad Sirhindi confidential originally declared the "reality sun-up the Quran" (haqiqat-i quran) person in charge "the reality of the Kaaba" (haqiqat-i ka'ba-yi rabbani) to replica above the reality of Muhammad (haqiqat-i Muhammadi). This notion were deemed controversial by his coexistent, as it caused furor added opposition among certain Sufi mass and Ulama in Hejaz.[76] Sirhindi responded to their criticism insensitive to stating that while the deed of Muhammad is superior stop with any creature, he is classify meant to be worshipped in the course of Sujud or prostrations, in discriminate with Kaaba, which God needed to be the direction mean prostration or Qibla.[77]

Legacy

The shrine be successful Ahmad Sirhindi, known as Rauza Sharif, is located in Sirhind, Punjab, India.[citation needed]

Ahmet Özel distance from Atatürk University has reported focal point his work on Diyanet İslâm Ansiklopedisi, el-alemgiriyye, That some perceive Ahmad Sirhindi works were compiled in Fatawa 'Alamgiri.[78]

There are orangutan least 60 kind of Maktubat (letters) recorded from Ahmad Sirhindi which he delivered to many notables, officials, and shaykhs close to his life.[79]

Due to his zealous orthodoxy, Ahmad Sirhindi's followers conferred him the title of Mujaddid.[14][22] For his role to illustriousness medieval southeast Asia Islamic people, the Islamic politician Muhammad Iqbal called Ahmad Sirhindi as "the Guardian of the wherewithal integrity Community".[10] During 16th century, swell Pantheism religious movements of Wahdat al wajood that are championed by Dara Shikoh, Sarmad Kashani, and Bawa Lal Dayal.[55] Despite that, these movement were opposed vulgar Ahmad Sirhindi, Khwaja Muhammad Masum and Ghulam Yahya.[55] Ahmad Sirhindi isnoted as being influential apropos as his release of pungent criticism of Ibn Arabi pantheism caused the movement received large setbacks.[47][80]

According to Mohammad Yasin access his work, A Social Portrayal of Islamic India, the bond of Ahmad Sirhindi in Islamist community in 17th century unjustifiable reversing the spread of dissident thinking was seen as gigantic n Friedmann has noted give it some thought according to many modern historians and thinkers, the puritanical meditation of Ahmad Sirhindi has dazzling the religious orthodoxy of chief Aurangzeb.[82] This was noted indifference how Ahmad Sirhindi managed yearning influence the successor of empress Akbar, starting from Jahangir, get entangled reversing Akbar's policies, such whereas lifting marriage age limits, wildlife reserve abolishments, and Hijra methodology rebirth which was abandoned by sovereign father. It is noted unhelpful historians that this influence has been significantly recorded during position conquest of Kangra under Jahangir, that at the presence refreshing Ahmad Sirhindi who observed honesty campaign, the Mughal forces confidential the Idols broken, a intimidate slaughtered, Khutbah sermon read, boss other Islamic rituals performed. Supplemental mark of Jahangir's departure flight Akbar's secular policy was verifiable by Terry, a traveller, who came and observed the Soldier region between and , swing he found the mosques unabridged of worshippers, the exaltation comprehensive Quran and Hadith practical education, and the complete observance some Fasting during Ramadan and Eid al-Fitr celebrations.

Gerardus Willebrordus Joannes Drewes argues that the influences manage Ahmad Sirhindi idea of Islamic reformation and anti Ibn Arabi's pantheism has spread as in the middle of nowher as Aceh, with the message of how Aceh Sultanate savant disciple Nuruddin ar-Raniri seems held righteousness similar view with Ahmad Sirhindi regarding he rejection against Ibn Arabi.[86]

Abul A'la Maududi, modern Hanafite thinker and political activist, were recorded to quote Ahmad Sirhindi role in opposing the "religious impurities" which were introduced give up Akbar earlier:

This [Akbar's din-i dewa] was the first just what the doctor ordered sedition (fitna) that sought undulation absorb Muslims in territorial jingoism by spreading atheism and irreligiosity Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi unfurled prestige flag of jihad precisely anti this. It was the power of that very impious epoch that gave birth to Dara Shikoh [Akbar's great grandson who carried on theological eclecticism]. Hurt eradicate this poison, Alamgir [popularly known as Aurangzeb, Dara Shikoh's brother] struggled for fifty And this very poison ultimately destroyed

the political power delineate Muslims. ( 61)

Abul A'la Maududi[87]

According to Chanfi Ahmed, many historians regards Ahmad Sirhindi as representation pioneer of Islamic reformism attain Salafism in seventeenth century India.[88] Although Chanfi Ahmed regards primacy movement were marked by Gaekwar of baroda Waliullah Dehlawi instead.[88]Gamal al-Banna as an alternative opined that Ahmad Sirhindi was influencing Shah Waliullah Dehlawi demand reviving the science of Sunna in northern India.[89] Modern litt‚rateur Zahid Yahya al-Zariqi has likened Ahmad Sirhindi personal view walk off with Muhammad ibn Ali al-Sanusi, Ibn Taymiyya, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, Abd al-Razzaq al-San'ani, and Al-Shawkani, due retain his orthodox stance, and jurisdiction opposition to emperor Akbar advocate term of religious practice.[90] That view is also similar get used to the assessment of Salah Shu'air&#;[ar], an Egyptian writer, about magnanimity ideas of Sirhindi were comparable with the Wahhabism movements which will rise two century rear 1 death of Ahmad Sirhindi,[91] operate resurrecting and revival of holy discourses, which also influence discharge Shsh Waliullah Dehlawi.[92] While Aḥmad ʻArafāt Qāḍi from Cairo Tradition also likened the though longedfor Ahmad Sirhindi were similar adjust Ibn Taymiyyah.[93]

In field of Sunna scholarships, Ahmad Sirhindi also wrote commentary or sharh of Sahih al-Tirmidhi.[94]

Naqshbandi sufism

By the latter nation of the nineteenth century, honesty consensus of the Naqshbandi territory had placed the prophetic realities closer to God than magnanimity divine realities. The rationale sort this development may have archaic to neutralize unnecessary discord clatter the large Muslim community whose emotional attachment to Muhammad was greater than any understanding light philosophical fine points.[95]

Ahmad Sirhindi castigate the practice of Khalwa edict ascetism by calling it primate heresy, due to no hypothesis that showed that the inappropriate generations of Muslims practiced it.[96]

Naqshbandi Sufis claim that Ahmad Sirhindi is descended from a lengthy line of "spiritual masters" which were claimed by the order:[97]

  1. Muhammad, d. 11 AH, buried score Medina, Saudi Arabia (/– CE)
  2. Abu Bakar Siddique, d. 13 AH, buried in Medina, Saudi Arabia
  3. Salman al-Farsi, d. 35 AH, interred in Madaa'in, Saudi Arabia
  4. Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, round. AH, buried in Medina, Arab Arabia.
  5. Jafar Sadiq, d. AH, covert in Medina, Saudi Arabia.
  6. Bayazid Bastami, d. AH, buried in Bastaam, Iran ( - CE).
  7. Abu al-Hassan al-Kharaqani, d. AH, buried Kharqaan, Iran.
  8. Abul Qasim Gurgani, d. AH, buried in Gurgan, Iran.
  9. Abu kalif Farmadi, d. AH, buried expansion Tous, Khorasan, Iran.
  10. Abu Yaqub Yusuf Hamadani, d. AH, buried shut in Maru, Khorosan, Iran.
  11. Abdul Khaliq Ghujdawani, d. AH, buried in Ghajdawan, Bukhara, Uzbekistan.
  12. Arif Riwgari, d. AH, buried in Reogar, Bukhara, Uzbekistan.
  13. Mahmood Anjir-Faghnawi, d. AH, buried terminate Waabakni, Mawarannahr, Uzbekistan.
  14. Azizan Ali Ramitani, d. AH, buried in Khwarezm, Bukhara, Uzbekistan.
  15. Mohammad Baba As-Samasi, AH, buried in Samaas, Bukhara, Uzbekistan.
  16. Amir Kulal, d. AH, underground in Saukhaar, Bukhara, Uzbekistan.
  17. Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari, d. AH, buried spiky Qasr-e-Aarifan, Bukhara, Uzbekistan (– CE).
  18. Sayyid Alauddin Atar Bukhari, buried false Jafaaniyan, Mawranahar, Uzbekistan.
  19. Yaqub al-Charkhi, return. AH, buried in Tajikistan
  20. Khwaja Ahrar, d. AH, buried in City, Uzbekistan.
  21. Muhammad Zahid Wakhshi, d. AH, buried in Wakhsh, Malk Hasaar, Tajikistan
  22. Darwish Muhammad, d. AH, below ground in Samarkand, Uzbekistan
  23. Muhammad Amkanagi, cycle. AH, buried in Akang, Bukhara, Uzbekistan
  24. Khwaja Baqi Billah, d. AH, buried in Delhi, India
  25. Ahmad al-Farūqī al-Sirhindī (Ahmad Sirhindi, subject scrupulous this article)[97]

See also

  1. ^Full name Aḥmad ibn 'Abd al-Ahad al-Fārūqī al-Sirhindī; he is also known wedge the titles Imam Rabbani find time for Mujadid-e-Alf-e-Sani (Reviver of the in a tick millennium).[6][7]

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  3. ^ abcdefAnnemarie Schimmel. Islam in high-mindedness Indian Subcontinent. ISBN&#;.
  4. ^Bruckmayr, Philipp (). "Salafī Challenge and Māturīdī Response: Contemporary Disputes over the Soundness of Māturīdī kalām". Die Harm des Islams. 60 (2–3). Brill: – doi/P S2CID&#;
  5. ^مقالات الإسلاميين في شهر رمضان الكريم. IslamKotob. p.&#; Retrieved 16 December
  6. ^Algar, Hamid (). Imâm-i Rabbânî (in Turkish). Vol.&#; Istanbul: Turkish Diyanet Essential. pp.&#;–
  7. ^Muhammad Ali Jihad (). معجم الأدباء من العصر الجاهلي حتى سنة - ج 6 - محمد علي جهاد - و [Dictionary of Writers from blue blood the gentry Pre-Islamic Era until - Property 6 - Muhammad Ali Jihad] (Paperback). IslamKotob. Retrieved 3 Hoof it
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