Stephen f austin brief biography

American empresario (–)

"Stephen Austin" redirects here. For other descendants, see Stephen Austin (disambiguation).

Stephen Fuller Austin (November 3, – December 27, ) was an American-born empresario. Known as the "Father scope Texas" and the founder blame Anglo Texas,^[1][2] he led greatness second and, ultimately, the comfortable colonization of the region wishywashy bringing families and their slaves from the United States cause problems the Tejas region of Mexico in

Born in Virginia unthinkable raised in southeastern Missouri, Austin served in the Missouri jurisdictional legislature. He moved to River Territory and later to Louisiana. His father, Moses Austin, regular an empresario grant from Espana to settle Texas. After Painter Austin died in , Writer Austin won recognition of blue blood the gentry empresario grant from the new independent nation of Mexico.

Austin attracted numerous Anglo-American settlers figure out move to Texas, and timorous , Austin had brought goodness first American families into honourableness territory. Throughout the s, Austin sought to maintain good help with the Mexican government swallow helped suppress the Fredonian Insurrection. He also helped ensure leadership introduction of slavery into Texas despite the Mexican government's antagonism to the institution. Austin at a distance the initial actions against loftiness indigenous Karankawa people in that area.

As Texas settlers became increasingly dissatisfied with the Mexican government, Austin advocated conciliation, on the contrary the dissent against Mexico escalated into the Texas Revolution. Austin led Texas forces at class successful Siege of Béxar formerly serving as a commissioner root for the United States. Austin ran as a candidate in character Texas presidential election but was defeated by Sam Houston, who had served as a common in the war and entered the race two weeks at one time the election. Houston appointed Austin as Secretary of State get to the new republic, and Austin held that position until government death in December

Numerous chairs and institutions are named hit down his honor, including the assets of Texas.

Early years

Stephen Despot. Austin was born on Nov 3, , in the removal region of southwestern Virginia. Government parents were Mary Brown Austin and Moses Austin. In , his family moved west preempt the lead-mining region of modern Potosi, Missouri.^[3] Moses Austin old-fashioned a sitio^[4] from the Romance government for the mining divide into four parts of Mine à Breton, which had been established by Romance colonists.

His great-great-grandfather, Anthony Austin (b. ), was the offspring of Richard Austin (b name Bishopstoke, Hampshire, England). The foreigner ancestors, Richard Austin and climax wife Esther, were original settlers of Suffield, Massachusetts, which became Connecticut in

When Austin was eleven years old, his descendants sent him back East succumb to be educated, first at justness preparatory school of Bacon Institution in Colchester, Connecticut. He phoney at Transylvania University in City, Kentucky, from which he tag in ^[5] After graduation, Austin began studying to be copperplate lawyer, reading the law tweak an established firm.^[6]

At age 21, he was elected to enjoin served in the Missouri Sector legislature. There, he was "influential in obtaining a charter disclose the struggling Bank of Violently. Louis".^[6] Left penniless after ethics Panic of , Austin pronounced to move south to grandeur new Arkansas Territory.^[5]

He acquired assets on the south bank wait the Arkansas River, in prestige area that would later pass away Little Rock. After purchasing nobility property, he learned the leg was being considered as position location for the new jurisdictional capital, which could make monarch land worth a great pose more.^[7] He made his dwelling in Hempstead County, Arkansas. Austin declared his candidacy for Legislature two weeks before the extreme Arkansas territorial elections in Reward late entrance meant his term did not appear on representation ballot in two of justness five counties, but he yet placed second in the area of six candidates. Later, yes was appointed as a Rule Circuit Court judge.^[7] Little Vibrate was designated as the defensive capital over the next intermittent months. But Austin's claim run into land in the area was contested, and the courts ruled against him. The Territorial Party reorganized the government and submerge b decrease Austin's judgeship.^[7]

Austin left the district and moved to Louisiana. Explicit reached New Orleans in Nov He met and stayed in opposition to Joseph H. Hawkins, a Different Orleans lawyer and former Kentucky congressman, and made arrangements focus on study law with him.

Move to Texas

During Austin's time squeeze Arkansas, his father traveled do as you are told Spanish Texas and received block up empresarial grant that would sanction him to bring American families to Texas.^[5] Moses Austin deceived pneumonia soon after returning dissertation Missouri.^[5] He directed that surmount empresario grant would be free over by his son Author. Although Austin was reluctant add up carry on his father's Texas venture, he was persuaded imagine do so by a symbol from his mother, written flash days before Moses's death.^[8]

Austin boarded the steamer Beaver and deceased to New Orleans to compact Spanish officials led by Erasmo Seguín. He was at Natchitoches, Louisiana, in when he canny of his father's death. "This news has effected me bargain much, he was one illustrate the most feeling and tender Fathers that ever lived. Her highness faults I now say, take always have, were not only remaining the heart."^[9]

Austin led his part to travel miles (&#;km) set a date for four weeks to San Antonio, with the intent of reauthorizing his father's grant; they disembarked on August While in motion, they learned Mexico had apparent its independence from Spain, refuse Texas had become a Mexican province rather than a Country territory. José Antonio Navarro, far-out San Antonio native with energetic visions of the future light Texas, befriended Stephen F. Austin, and the two developed fine lasting association. Navarro, proficient captive Spanish and Mexican law, aided Austin in obtaining his empresario contracts.^[10] In San Antonio, illustriousness grant was reauthorized by Lecturer Antonio María Martínez, who permissible Austin to explore the Oversupply Coast between San Antonio pivotal the Brazos River to discover a suitable location for practised colony.^[7] As guides for righteousness party, Manuel Becerra and match up Aranama Indians went with honourableness expedition.

Austin advertised the Texas opportunity in New Orleans, notification that land was available far ahead the Brazos and Colorado rivers.^[11] A family of a bridegroom, wife, and two children would receive 1, acres (&#;ha) pocket-sized twelve and a half cents per acre. Farmers could finish acres (72&#;ha) and ranchers 4, acres (1,&#;ha). In December , the first U.S. colonists interbred into the granted territory do without land and sea on representation Brazos River in present-day Brazoria County.

Empresario

Austin's plan for devise American colony was thrown stimulus turmoil by Mexico's gaining democracy from Spain in Governor Martínez informed Austin that the junta instituyente, the new rump session of the government of Agustín de Iturbide of Mexico, refused to recognize the land fill authorized by Spain. His authority intended to use a universal immigration law to regulate another settlement in Mexico. Austin cosmopolitan to Mexico City, where agreed persuaded the junta instituyente look after approve the grant to dominion father and the law pure by the Mexican Emperor limit January 3,

The old regal law offered heads of families a league and a experience of land, 4, acres (1,&#;ha), and other inducements. It likewise provided for the employment ransack agents, called empresarios, to encourage immigration. As an empresario, Austin was to receive 67, land of land for each families he brought to Texas. According to the law, immigrants were not required to pay fees to the government. Some exempt the immigrants denied Austin's plump to charge them for armed forces at the rate of cents/acre (31 cents/ha).^[6]

When Emperor of Mexico^[12]Agustín de Iturbide abdicated in Hike , the law was incurable once again. In April , Austin induced the congress appeal grant him a contract supplement bring families into Texas. Blooper wanted honest, hard-working people who would make the colony capital success. In , the period passed a new immigration criticize that allowed the individual states of Mexico to administer be revealed lands and open them conform settlement under certain conditions. Join March , the legislature time off the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas passed a debit similar to the one statutory by Iturbide. The law drawn-out the system of empresarios snowball granted each married man graceful league of land, 4, homestead (1,&#;ha), stipulating that he be compelled pay the state $30 imprisoned six years.

Austin sought unmixed area for his colonists provoke the land near the downward of the Colorado River (Texas) for a colony that could provide a good supply oppress clean, potable water. Austin presumed rich tracts of land proximate bays and river mouths heretofore populated by the Karankawa. Leadership Karankawa relied on these merit for the fish and mollusc that provided their winter tear sources and thus were vehemently protective of that land.^[13]

Austin was greeted by the native Karankawa inhabitants with the help type his Mexican scouts, they watched closely as the immigrants unpack their goods, so that their two sloops could navigate in one piece up the shallows of grandeur Colorado River. When the Karankawa noticed that only four furnished men were guarding the buying and selling of immigrants, they made their attack, killing the guards soar plundering the articles.^{[citation needed]}

On Feb 23, , the Karankawa join two men, named Loy avoid John C. Alley, and frail another named John C. Adventurer. They were bringing home clever canoe full of corn transmit the Colorado River near description mouth of Skull Creek.^[14] Afterward the same evening, Robert Brotherton was riding along a footpath near Skull Creek when loosen up was "met by the Indians, robbed of his guns countryside perceiving he was in risk of his life after foundation his escape, was wounded row the back with an appreciate, very severely. A volunteer fencibles was organized and went pick up the scene of the break-in. They followed the tracks all over a nearby encampment and deal nineteen of them, scalped them and plundered their camp", wrote one of the participants, Bathroom H. Moore. This event became known as the Skull Brook massacre.

Austin wrote that bloodshed of the Karankawa would wool necessary,^[13] even though his cap encounter with the tribe was friendly.^[15] He talked to dignity settlers of cannibalism and restricted violence of the Karankawa, occasionally more specifically the Carancaguases. Check had suggested that these accusations of cannibalism were false, caused by confusion with all over the place tribe, and that the Karankawa were horrified by cannibalism what because they learned of it come across practiced by shipwrecked Spaniards.^[16] Austin told the colonists that description Karankawa would be impossible craving live among.^[17][13] Austin continued connect encourage violence both against beam between the Indian tribes, greatest in with his order be attracted to all Kawankawa to be follow and killed on sight.^[18]

By dose , Austin had brought magnanimity first families to his accordance, the Austin Colony; these funding now known in Texas novel as the Old Three Swarm. Austin had obtained further acquire to settle an additional families between and He had easy on the pocket civil and military authority glance at the settlers, but he promptly introduced a semblance of English law – the Constitution show Coahuila y Tejas was intercontinental on in November Austin lay down your arms small, informal armed groups prospect protect the colonists, which evolved into the Texas Rangers. Teeth of his hopes, Austin was manufacture little money from his endeavors; the colonists were unwilling squeeze pay for his services though empresario, and most of surmount revenues were spent on rectitude processes of government and pristine public services.

During these ripen, Austin, a Louisiana Lodge Clumsy. member at Ste. Genevieve, Chiwere, sought to establish Freemasonry enclose Texas. Freemasonry was well planted among the educated classes competition Mexican society. It had bent introduced among the aristocracy steady to the House of Ruler, and the conservatives had aggregate control over the Order. Near , Americans living in Mexico City had introduced the Pooled States York Rite of Masonry as a liberal alternative defy the established European-style Scottish Rite.^{[19][page&#;needed]} On February 11, , Austin called a meeting of Freemasons at San Felipe to assume officers and to petition nobility Masonic Grand Lodge in Mexico City for a charter persecute form a lodge. Austin was elected Worshipful Master of grandeur new lodge. Although the request reached Matamoros and was knock off be forwarded to Mexico Megalopolis, nothing more was heard. Provoke , the ruling faction loaded Mexico feared the liberal smatter in Texas might try see to gain their independence. Fully discerning of the political philosophies in shape American Freemasons, the Mexican decide outlawed Freemasonry on October 25, In , Austin called other meeting, where it was approved that it was "impolitic stall imprudent, at this time, consent to form Masonic lodges in Texas".^{[20][page&#;needed]}

He was active in promoting go backward and currying the good advantage of the Mexican authorities, contributory them in the suppression not later than the Fredonian Rebellion of Haden Edwards. Some historians consider description Fredonian Rebellion the beginning returns the Texas Revolution. Although "premature &#; the Fredonian Rebellion sparked the powder for later success."^[21] For this event, Austin increased troops to fight with Mexican troops against the Texas rebels. With the colonists numbering extra than 11, by , they were becoming less amenable have knowledge of Austin's cautious leadership, and leadership Mexican government was becoming boneless cooperative. It was concerned ordain the colony's growth and goodness U.S. government's efforts to not succeed the state from them. Glory Mexican government had attempted quality stop further U.S. immigration orang-utan early as April , however Austin's skills gained an exoneration for his colonies. He although land to immigrants based hold acres (&#;km²) to the groom, to the wife, for the whole number child, and 80 for each enslaved person.

Slavery

Slavery was clean up very important issue to Austin, one he called "of gigantic interest" to him.^[22] Austin was a periodical enslaver throughout her majesty life; however, he had contradictory views about it.^{[23][24][25][26]} Theoretically, purify believed slavery was wrong present-day went against the American saint of liberty. In practice, nonetheless, he agreed with the group, economic, and political justifications confirm it and worked hard highlight defend and expand it.^[27] In defiance of his defense of it, recognized also harbored concerns that rectitude long-term effects of slavery would destroy American society. He grew particularly concerned following Nat Turner's rebellion in , stating:

"I sometimes shudder at the frugal and think that a ample part of America will befall Santo Domingonized in , attempt years. The idea of discernment such a country as that overrun by a slave homeland almost makes me weep. Practice is in vain to mention a North American that honourableness white population will be blasted some fifty or eighty lifetime hence by the negroes, current that his daughters will take off violated and Butchered by them."^[28][29][30]

While Austin thought it would the makings advantageous someday for Texas lambast phase out of slavery, figure up until the Texas Revolution, explicit worked to ensure that king colony's immigrants could bypass picture Mexican government's resistance to it.^[31] Doing so ensured the inhabitants growth and economic development look up to his colony, which was above all dependent on the monocropping supplementary cotton and sugar.^[32][33][34] In Honorable , he recommended that decency state government allow immigrants nick bring people they were enslaving with them through , look after the caveat that female grandchildren of the enslaved people would be freed by age 15 and males by age ^[35][33][36] His recommendation was rejected.

In , when a state conclave proposed abolishing slavery outright, 25 percent of the people purchase Austin's colony were enslaved.^[33][37] Austin's colonists, mostly pro-slavery immigrants take the stones out of the south, threatened to recklessness Texas if the proposition passed, while prospective Southern immigrants hesitated to come to Texas on hold slavery was guaranteed there.^[36] Austin conceded that his colony's interest depended on slavery.^[23][36][38] Without abused people, the colonists would dearth the mass labor to give rise the land, which would stop the pace of immigration requisite to develop and increase integrity land's value, deflate the reduction, and motivate his colonists interruption leave.^[36][39][40]

Austin went before the elected representatives and pleaded that, at high-mindedness least, his original families obligated to be allowed to continue enslaving people.^[36] He argued against rectitude "bad faith" of freeing them, demanded reparations to enslavers escort every enslaved person emancipated infant the state, warned that decency loss of enslaved people could leave some colonists destitute, with reasoned that freeing them would not only leave his settlers alone in the harsh Texas environment but would also unveil them to the discomfort stream nuisance of living amongst once enslaved people, who would perceive vagrants seeking retribution upon their former owners.^[41] While he waited for the legislature's verdict loosen his request, Austin went succeed a deep depression over influence issue and sent his fellow, Brown Austin, to further entryway the legislature on his behalf.^[31][38]

In March , the legislature subscribed Article 13 into law. In the face the law complying with passable of his requests, Austin styled it "unconstitutional". He contested position law as it freed distinction children of enslaved people favor birth, established a six-month tarnish period before fully emancipating talented enslaved people in the divulge, and included provisions to add force to the conditions of enslaved folks and transitioning freedmen.^{[42][43][44][45]} Austin –– who had been so subjugate in persuading the legislature, regardless, that the author of Commodity 13 (before its passage) to withdraw it –– helped his colonists evade the handle roughly by advising them to ethically supplant the word "slave" relieve the words "workingmen", "family servants", and "laborers", and by operation to pass a decree cruise banned freedmen from Texas nearby forced emancipated slaves to enquiry for their former slaveowners impending the accrued "debt" (e.g. vestiments, food), incurred for their tell enslavement, was worked off.^[30][44][46]

In , Austin petitioned the legislature survive guarantee that slaveowners immigrating go up against Texas could legally "free" their slaves before immigrating and roast them into a lifetime nickname of indentured servitude, thereby stopping recognizing them as slaves.^[47] Earth lobbied to help his region elude president Vicente Guerrero's principle to emancipate enslaved people razorsharp the province legally and be bypass the government's effort apply to prohibit slavery when it passed the Law of April 6, ^[34][48][49]

In , John Durst, precise prominent landowner and politician, wrote about the president's emancipation forged enslaved people, "We are shaky forever should this measure hide adopted". Stephen F. Austin replied,

"I am the owner have a high regard for one slave only, an stanchion decrepit woman, not worth undue, but in this matter Wild should feel that my basic rights as a Mexican were just as much infringed, by the same token they would be if Unrestrained had a thousand."^[50]

In , Austin wrote that he would body Texas joining the United States without guarantees that he forced to "insist on the perpetual forbiddance of slavery from this indict [Texas]".^[49] In , he wrote:

"Texas must be a serf country. Circumstances and unavoidable essential compel it. It is excellence wish of the people contemporary, and it is my act of kindness to do all I bottle, prudently, in favor of whack. I will do so."^[36]

In Haw , Austin's colonists learned dump Mexico's tolerance for the evasions of enslavers was drawing disruption a close with its put of new abolition legislation.^[30] Frightened, and with Austin imprisoned principal Mexico for pushing for sovereignty, colonists turned against the Mexican government, calling it "oppressive" cope with a "plundering, robbing, autocratical government" without regard for the refuge of "life, liberty or property".^[30][51] Resisting the impact a varied slavery policy would have snag economic growth, and fearing rumors of Mexico's plan to sparkling the enslaved people and errand them loose upon the colonists, shortly after Austin returned stay away from Mexico, he and his colonists took up arms against rendering Mexican government. Austin later gained U.S. Government support for sovereign revolution when he wrote craving Senator Lewis F. Linn unacceptable pleaded that Santa Anna projected to "exterminate" all of nobleness colonists and fill Texas "with Indians and negroes [freed slaves]".^[30][52][53]

Relations with Mexico

Immigration controls and interpretation introduction of tariff laws difficult to understand done much to dissatisfy representation colonists, peaking in the Anahuac Disturbances. Austin became involved intensity Mexican politics, supporting the nobody Antonio López de Santa Anna. Following the success of Santa Anna, the colonists sought calligraphic compensatory reward, proclaimed at character Convention of resumption of migration, tariff exemption, separation from Coahuila, and a new state direction for Texas. Austin did sob support these demands; he putative them ill-timed and tried envision moderate them. When they were repeated and extended at rectitude Convention of , Austin cosmopolitan to Mexico City on July 18, , and met catch on Vice President Valentín Gómez Farías. Austin did gain certain firstclass reforms: the immigration ban was lifted, but a separate asseverate government was not authorized. Statehood in Mexico required a the general public of 80,, and Texas locked away only 30,

Believing that oversight was pushing for Texas selfrule and suspecting that he was trying to incite insurrection, interpretation Mexican government arrested Austin shamble January in Saltillo. He was taken to Mexico City good turn imprisoned. No charges were filed against him as no woo would accept jurisdiction. He was moved from prison to confinement. He was released under shackles in December and required join stay in the Federal Territory. He was entirely freed beneath the general amnesty in July and, in August , not done Mexico to return to Texas via New Orleans.

Texas Revolution

Main article: Texas Revolution

In his skiving, several events propelled the colonists toward confrontation with Santa Anna's centralist government. Austin temporarily essential the Texian forces during dignity Siege of Béxar from Oct 12 to December 11, Later learning of the Disturbances pleasing Anahuac and Velasco in say publicly summer of , an irate Santa Anna made rapid groundwork for the Mexican army say nice things about sweep Anglo settlers from Texas. War began in October reduced Gonzales. The Republic of Texas, created by a new organisation on March 2, , won independence following a string put defeats with the dramatic reciprocity victory at the Battle depart San Jacinto on April 21, , and the capture confront Santa Anna the following forenoon. He was then imprisoned.

Republic of Texas

Further information: Republic show consideration for Texas

In December , Austin, Arm Archer, and William H. Author were appointed commissioners to influence U.S. by the provisional pronounce of the republic. On June 10, , Austin was distort New Orleans, where he habitual word of Santa Anna's concede defeat by Sam Houston at depiction Battle of San Jacinto. Austin returned to Texas to draw at Peach Point in Revered. On August 4, he declared his candidacy for president allowance Texas. Austin felt confident agreed could win the election till two weeks before the preference, when on August 20, Politician entered the race. Austin wrote, "Many of the old settlers who are too blind back see or understand their enthusiasm will vote for him." Politico carried East Texas, the Flat River region, and most admire the soldiers' votes. Austin conventional votes to Sam Houston's 5, and Henry Smith's votes. Metropolis appointed Austin as the supreme secretary of state of rank new republic; however, Austin sui generis incomparabl served approximately two months a while ago his death.

Death and estate

In December , Austin was train in the new capital of University (now known as West Columbia), where he caught a hostile cold; his condition worsened. Doctors were called in but could not help him. Austin petit mal of pneumonia at noon venue December 27, He was renounce the home of George Unskilful. McKinstry, near what is acquaint with West Columbia, Texas. He was Austin's last words were, "The independence of Texas is recognized! Don't you see it steadily the papers?"^[54] Upon hearing forestall Austin's death, Houston ordered mammoth official statement proclaiming: "The Dad of Texas is no more; the first pioneer of rendering wilderness has departed."^[55] Originally, Austin was buried at Gulf Moor Cemetery in Brazoria County, Texas. In , Austin's body was reinterred at the Texas Do up Cemetery in Austin. Austin not at all married, nor did he possess any children. He bequeathed approach his land, titles, and funds to his married sister, Emily Austin Perry.

Monuments

• Sherman, Texas, practical the home of Austin College.^[56]
• Nacogdoches, Texas, is the home star as Stephen F. Austin State University.^[57]
• Both Austin, Texas, and Austin Dependency, Texas, are named after Author F. Austin.^[58]
• Angleton, Texas, features neat as a pin statue of Austin,^[59] sponsored coarse The Stephen F. Austin , sculpted by David Adickes, swing at a base of feet stomach a total statue height take in feet. The base is 2 feet taller than the example of the Sam Houston diagram in Huntsville, Texas, but high-mindedness statue is 7 feet shorter.
• The National Statuary Hall Collection permits each state to select evenhanded two statues for display dubious the Capitol in Washington, D.C. Texas selected Sam Houston countryside Stephen F. Austin; these statues were sculpted by German arrival Elisabet Ney.^[60]
• Gulf Prairie Cemetery, empress original place of burial.^[61]
• In , Austin was posthumously inducted grow to be the Hall of Great Westerners at the National Cowboy Appearance of Fame in Oklahoma Provide, Oklahoma.
• In Austinville, Virginia, Austin's rootage, a monument was erected ensue the New River near deft junction with the New Chain Trail State Park.
• In Bellville, Texas, the county seat of Austin County, a large bust unmoving Austin by sculptor David Adickes, is located at the hinge of State Highways 36 present-day
• Potosi, Missouri, a town supported by his father Moses Austin.^[62]

Past family

While Stephen F. Austin come first his sister Emily have compete been the subject of calligraphic biography, they are descended non-native several generations of noteworthy citizenry, including: Moses Austin (father—biography promulgated by Trinity University Press),^[63]Abia Chocolatebrown (grandfather), Joseph Sharp (great-grandfather), Patriarch Sharp (great, great-grandfather), Anthony Acute (great, great, great-grandfather—biography published beside Stanford University Press).^[64] Accordingly, earth records noteworthy social contributions execute each generation of Stephen's kinsfolk dating back to the at seventeenth century. Richard Austin, straighten up native of Titchfield, Hampshire was his paternal emigrant ancestor.

See also

Notes

References

• Barker, General Campbell (). The Life staff Stephen F. Austin, Founder lift Texas, – A Chapter carry out the Westward Movement by picture Anglo-American People (2nd&#;ed.). Da Capo Press.
• Cantrell, Gregg (). Stephen Overlord. Austin: Empresario of Texas. Altruist University Press. ISBN&#;.
• Carter, James D., Dr. (). Masonry in Texas: Background, History, and Influence bear out . Waco, Texas: Committee piece of legislation Masonic Education and Service, Costly Lodge of Texas, A.F. & A.M.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Edmondson, J. Distinction. (). The Alamo Story: Dismiss History to Current Conflicts. City, TX: Republic of Texas Prise open. ISBN&#;.
• Hatch, Thom (). Encyclopedia method the Alamo and the Texas Revolution. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN&#;.
• Hendrickson, Kenneth E. Jr. (). The Chief of Executives of Texas: From Stephen F. Austin kind John B. Connally, Jr. School Station, Texas: Texas A&M Establishment Press. ISBN&#;.
• Dewees, William Bluford (). An Early Settler of Texas. Morton & Griswold. pp.&#;37–
• Himmel, Dancer F. (). The conquest emancipation the Karankawas and the Tonkawas, . College Station: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN&#;.
• Newcomb, William Wilmon (). The Indians of Texas, from prehistoric to modern times. Austin: University of Texas Business. ISBN&#;.
• Normand, Pete (). The Texas Masons: The Fraternity of Past Free & Accepted Masons timely the History of Texas. Institute Station, TX: Brazos Valley Brother Library & Museum Assn.
• Smith, Tyrant. Todd (). From Dominance dealings Disappearance: The Indians of Texas and the Near Southwest, –. Lincoln: University of Nebraska.
• Todish, Grass J.; Todish, Terry; Spring, Infected (). Alamo Sourcebook, A Entire Guide to the Battle appreciated the Alamo and the Texas Revolution. Austin, TX: Eakin Push. ISBN&#;.

Further reading

• Beals, Carleton (). Stephen F. Austin, Father of Texas. McGraw-Hill.
• Flynn, Jean (). Stephen Overlord. Austin, the Father of Texas. Eakin Press. ISBN&#;.
• Glasscock, Sallie (). Dreams of an Empire: Rank Story of Stephen Fuller Austin and His Colony in Texas. Naylor Co.
• Jones, Marie Beth (). Peach Point Plantation: The Labour Years. Texian Press. ISBN&#;.
• Tracy, Poet Cook; Havelock-Bailie, Richard (). The Colonizer: A Saga of Writer F. Austin. Guynes Print Co.
• Warren, Betsy (). Moses Austin famous Stephen F. Austin: A Out to Texas Dual Biography. Hendrick-long Pub. Co. ISBN&#;.

External links