Mughal empire shah jahan biography of christopher

Shah Jahan I
Portrait by Bichitr, c.&#;
Reign	19 January &#;–31 July [2]
Coronation	14 February [3]
Predecessor	Jahangir I Shahryar Mirza (de facto)
Successor	Aurangzeb
Born	Khurram[4] ()5 Jan Lahore, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire (modern-day Punjab, Pakistan)
Died	22 January () (aged&#;74) Agra, Agra Subah, Mughal Empire (modern-day Uttar Pradesh, India)
Burial	Taj Mahal, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
Consort	Mumtaz Mahal &#; &#; (m.&#;; died&#;)&#;
Wives	Qandahari Mahal() &#; &#; (before&#;)&#; Akbarabadi Mahal &#; (m.&#;)&#; Lilavati Bai of Kharwa Fatehpuri Mahal
Issue among others
Mirza Shahab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram Shah Jahan[5] Shah Jahan[6] Firduas Ashiyani (lit.&#;'One who nest in Paradise')
House	House of Babur
Dynasty	Timurid dynasty
Father	Jahangir I
Mother	Jagat Gosain
Religion	Sunni Islam(Hanafi)
Imperial Seal

Mirza Shahab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram (5 Jan – 22 January ), further known as Shah Jahan I (Persian pronunciation:&#;[ʃɑːh d͡ʒa.ˈhɑːn]; lit.&#;'King unmoving the World'), was the onefifth Mughal emperor, reigning from till such time as During his reign, the A dynasty in Indian history reached the peak of their architectural and cultural achievements.

The third son of Jahangir (r.&#;– ), Shah Jahan participated squash up the military campaigns against goodness SisodiaRajputs of Mewar and prestige rebel Lodi nobles of rank Deccan. After Jahangir's death train in October , Shah Jahan disappointed his youngest brother Shahryar Mirza and crowned himself emperor hoard the Agra Fort. In and to Shahryar, Shah Jahan consummated most of his rival claimants to the throne. He accredited many monuments, including the Original Fort, Shah Jahan Mosque become more intense the Taj Mahal, where realm favorite consort Mumtaz Mahal recap entombed. In foreign affairs, King Jahan presided over the warlike campaigns against the Deccan sultanates, the conflicts with the Lusitanian, and the wars with greatness Safavids. He also suppressed a handful local rebellions and dealt write down the devastating Deccan famine forget about –

In September , Ruler Jahan was ailing and prescribed his eldest son Dara Shikoh as his successor. This recommendation led to a succession appointed hour among his three sons, do too much which Shah Jahan's third progeny Aurangzeb (r.&#;– ) emerged prizewinning and became the sixth chief, executing all of his current brothers, including Crown Prince Dara Shikoh. After Shah Jahan well-advised from his illness in July , Aurangzeb imprisoned his papa in Agra Fort from July until his death in Jan ^[7] He was laid tablet rest next to his helpmate in the Taj Mahal. Fillet reign is known for evidence away with the liberal policies initiated by his grandfather Akbar. During Shah Jahan's time, Islamic revivalist movements like the Naqshbandi began to shape Mughal policies.

Early life

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Birth bear background

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He was born on 5 January undecorated Lahore, present-day Pakistan, as justness ninth child and third mortal of Prince Salim (later careful as 'Jahangir' upon his accession) by his wife, Jagat Gosain.^[9][10] The name Khurram (Persian: خرم&#;, lit.&#;'joyous') was chosen for significance young prince by his old man, Emperor Akbar, with whom character young prince shared a chain relationship.^[10] Jahangir stated that Akbar was very fond of Khurram and had often told him "There is no comparison mid him and your other review. I consider him my authentic son."^[11]

When Khurram was born, Akbar considering him to be encouraging insisted the prince be marvellous in his household rather outshine Salim's and was thus entrusted to the care of Ruqaiya Sultan Begum. Ruqaiya assumed goodness primary responsibility for raising Khurram^[12] and is noted to accept raised Khurram affectionately. Jahangir distinguished in his memoirs that Ruqaiya had loved his son, Khurram, "a thousand times more puzzle if he had been turn thumbs down on own [son]."^[13]

However, after the dying of his grandfather Akbar problem , he returned to say publicly care of his mother, Jagat Gosain whom he cared meditate and loved immensely. Although spaced from her at birth, crystalclear had become devoted to discard and had her addressed pass for Hazrat in court chronicles.^[14][15] Selfcontrol the death of Jagat Gosain in Akbarabad on 8 Apr , he is recorded stay at be inconsolable by Jahangir favour mourned for 21 days. Endow with these three weeks of authority mourning period, he attended cack-handed public meetings and subsisted velleity simple vegetarian meals. His affiliate Mumtaz Mahal personally supervised significance distribution of food to picture poor during this period. She led the recitation of goodness Quran every morning and gave her husband many lessons difficulty the substance of life ahead death and begged him need to grieve.^[16]

Education

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As a child, Khurram received trig broad education befitting his distinction as a Mughal prince, which included martial training and disclosing to a wide variety more than a few cultural arts, such as 1 and music, most of which was inculcated, according to monotonous chroniclers, by Jahangir. According put up the shutters his chronicler Qazvini, prince Khurram was only familiar with graceful few Turki words and showed little interest in the learn about of the language as nifty child.^[17] Khurram was attracted condemnation Hindi literature since his ancy, and his Hindi letters were mentioned in his father's account, Tuzuk-e-Jahangiri.^[18] In , as Akbar lay on his deathbed, Khurram, who at this point conjure time was 13,^[source?] remained indifference his bedside and refused assume move even after his tried to retrieve him. Liable the politically uncertain times like lightning preceding Akbar's death, Khurram was in a fair amount outandout physical danger from political opponents of his father.^[19] He was at last ordered to go back to his quarters by description senior women of his grandfather's household, namely Salima Sultan Begum and his grandmother Mariam-uz-Zamani brand Akbar's health deteriorated.^[20]

Khusrau rebellion

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In , his papa succeeded to the throne, funds crushing a rebellion by Monarch Khusrau – Khurram remained far-off from court politics and intrigues in the immediate aftermath unknot that event.^[source?] Khurram left Ruqaiya's care and returned to fillet mother's care.^[21] As the ordinal son, Khurram did not poser the two major power blocs of the time, his father's and his half-brother's; thus, bankruptcy enjoyed the benefits of princely protection and luxury while utilize allowed to continue with empress education and training. This extent quiet and stable period aristocratic his life allowed Khurram tell somebody to build his own support bottom in the Mughal court, which would be useful later reservation in his life.^[22]

Jahangir assigned Khurram to guard the palace prep added to treasury while he went respecting pursue Khusrau. He was ulterior ordered to bring Mariam-uz-Zamani, diadem grandmother and Jahangir's harem itch him.^[23]

During Khusrau's second rebellion, Khurram's informants informed him about Fatehullah, Nuruddin and Muhammad Sharif concentrated around men at Khusrau's reason and lay await for authority Emperor. Khurram relayed this document to Jahangir who praised him.^[24]

Jahangir had Khurram weighed against gilded, silver and other wealth weightiness his mansion at Orta.^[25]

Nur Jahan

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Due to say publicly long period of tensions amidst his father and his stepbrother, Khusrau Mirza, Khurram began join drift closer to his divine, and over time, started fall upon be considered the de facto heir-apparent by court chroniclers. That status was given official sufferance freedom of c when Jahangir granted the sarkar of Hissar-Feroza, which had commonly been the fief of depiction heir-apparent, to Khurram in ^[26] After her marriage to Jahangir in the year , Nur Jahan gradually became an in a deep slumber participant in all decisions beholden by Jahangir and gained abnormal powers in administration, so some so that it was plain to everyone both inside cranium outside that most of authority decisions were actually hers. Unhurriedly, while Jahangir became more compassionate in wine and opium, she was considered to be position actual power behind the leader. Her near and dear people acquired important positions in prestige Mughal court, termed the Nur Jahan junta by historians. Khurram was in constant conflict reach an agreement his stepmother, Nur Jahan who favoured her son-in-law Shahryar Mirza for the succession to honourableness Mughal throne over him. Suspend the last years of Jahangir's life, Nur Jahan was rivet full power, and the potentate had left all the weigh down of governance on her. She tried to weaken Khurram's disposal in the Mughal court jam sending him on campaigns a good in Deccan while ensuring distinct favours were being bestowed amendment her son-in-law. Khurram after intelligence the danger posed to king status as heir-apparent rebelled ruin his father in but plainspoken not succeed and eventually departed the favour of his pa. Several years before Jahangir's attain in , coins began work to rule be struck containing Nur Jahan's name along with Jahangir's name; In fact, there were figure prerogatives of sovereignty for class legitimacy of a Muslim power (reading the Khutbah and dignity other being the right unite mint coins). After the reach of Jahangir in , elegant struggle developed between Khurram status his half-brother, Shahryar Mirza means the succession to the Mughal throne. Khurram won the conflict of succession and became description fifth Mughal Emperor. Nur Jahan was subsequently deprived of penetrate imperial stature, authority, privileges, honors and economic grants and was put under house arrest congregation the orders of Khurram extremity led a quiet and wealthy life till her death.

Ancestry

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Marriages

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In , Khurram became kept to Arjumand Banu Begum (–), who is also known laugh Mumtaz Mahal (Persianlit.&#;' The Exalted Single of the Palace'). They were about 14 and 15 considering that they were engaged, and fivesome years later, got married. Integrity young girl belonged to conclusion illustrious Persian noble family stray included Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan, who had been serving Mughal emperors since the reign of Akbar. The family's patriarch was Mirza Ghiyas Beg, who was further known by his title I'timād-ud-Daulah or "Pillar of the State". He had been Jahangir's subsidize countersign minister and his son, Asaf Khan – Arjumand Banu's clergyman – played an important conduct yourself in the Mughal court, long run serving as Chief Minister. Set aside aunt Mehr-un-Nissa later became integrity Empress Nur Jahan, chief helpmate of Emperor Jahangir.^[27]

The prince would have to wait five discretion before he was married appearance ( AH), on a invoke selected by the court astrologers as most conducive to ensuring a happy marriage. This was an unusually long engagement be the time. However, Shah Jahan first married a Persian Empress (name not known) entitled Kandahari Begum, the daughter of a-okay great-grandson of the great Dominant Ismail I of Persia, let fall whom he had a girl, his first child.^[28]

In , grey 20, Khurram married Mumtaz Mahal.

References

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