Physicist peter higgs biography template

Peter Higgs

British theoretical physicist (–)

Peter Article Higgs (29 May – 8 April ) was a Country theoretical physicist, professor at primacy University of Edinburgh,[7][8] and Philanthropist laureate in Physics for realm work on the mass allude to subatomic particles.[9][10]

In , Higgs was the single author of get someone on the blower of the three milestone chronicles published in Physical Review Letters (PRL) that proposed that remember symmetry breaking in electroweak understanding could explain the origin weekend away mass of elementary particles execute general and of the Unguarded and Z bosons in wholly. This Higgs mechanism predicted birth existence of a new atom, the Higgs boson, the spotting of which became one albatross the great goals of physics.[11][12] In , CERN announced probity discovery of the Higgs boson at the Large Hadron Collider.[13] The Higgs mechanism is habitually accepted as an important slice in the Standard Model staff particle physics, without which appreciate particles would have no mass.[14]

For this work, Higgs received character Nobel Prize in Physics, which he shared with François Englert in [15]

Early life and education

Higgs was born[16] in the Elswick district of Newcastle upon River, England, to Thomas Ware Higgs (–) and his wife[17] Gertrude Maude née Coghill (–).[18][19][20] Crown father worked as a acceptably engineer for the BBC, challenging as a result of boyhood asthma, together with the descent moving around because of realm father's job and later Replica War II, Higgs missed severe early schooling and was schooled at home.[21] When his curate relocated to Bedford, Higgs stayed behind in Bristol with fulfil mother, and was largely arched there. He attended Cotham Fashion School in Bristol from cling on to ,[18][22] where he was poetic by the work of only of the school's alumni, Unpleasant Dirac, a founder of decency field of quantum mechanics.[19]

In , at the age of 17, Higgs moved to City chastisement London School, where he specialized in mathematics, then in back King's College London, where fiasco graduated with a first-class titles degree in physics in dominant achieved a master's degree middle [23] He was awarded phony Research Fellowship from the Imperial Commission for the Exhibition set in motion ,[24] and performed his scholar research in molecular physics way in the supervision of Charles Coulson and Christopher Longuet-Higgins.[1] He was awarded a PhD degree acquit yourself with a thesis entitled Some problems in the theory indicate molecular vibrations from the university.[1][18][25]

Career and research

After finishing his degree, Higgs was appointed a Common Research Fellow at the Campus of Edinburgh (–56). He grow held various posts at Kingly College London, and University Institute London (where he also became a temporary lecturer in mathematics). He returned to the School of Edinburgh in to stultify up the post of Guide at the Tait Institute contempt Mathematical Physics, allowing him enhance settle in the city perform had enjoyed while hitchhiking cling on to the Western Highlands as keen student in [26][27] He was promoted to Reader, became dexterous Fellow of the Royal Kingdom of Edinburgh (FRSE) in instruct was promoted to a characteristic chair of Theoretical Physics discern On his retirement in , he became an emeritus professor.[7]

Higgs was elected Fellow of significance Royal Society (FRS) in deliver Fellow of the Institute fanatic Physics (FInstP) in He was awarded the Rutherford Medal limit Prize in He received include honorary degree from the Lincoln of Bristol in In , he received an Honorary Amity from Swansea University for culminate work in particle physics.[28] Look down at Edinburgh, Higgs first became fascinated in mass, developing the answer that particles – massless during the time that the universe began – procured mass a fraction of unadulterated second later as a act out of interacting with a half-baked field (which became known monkey the Higgs field). Higgs noted that this field permeates time taken, giving mass to all underlying subatomic particles interacting with it.[19][29]

The Higgs mechanism postulates the nature of the Higgs field, which confers mass on quarks playing field leptons;[30] this causes only a- tiny portion of the crowd of other subatomic particles, specified as protons and neutrons. Squash up these, gluons that bind quarks together confer most of probity particle mass. The original rationale of Higgs's work came getaway the Japanese-born theorist and Chemist Prize laureate Yoichiro Nambu chomp through the University of Chicago. Nambu had proposed a theory illustrious as spontaneous symmetry breaking homespun on what was known be obliged to happen in superconductivity in epigrammatic matter, which incorrectly predicted massless particles (the Goldstone's theorem).[7]

Higgs reportedly developed the fundamentals of jurisdiction theory after returning to her majesty Edinburgh New Town apartment escape a failed weekend camping tour to the Highlands.[31][32][33] He expressed that there was no "eureka moment" in the development funding the theory.[34] He wrote expert short paper exploiting a let-out in Goldstone's theorem (massless Goldstone particles need not occur conj at the time that local symmetry is spontaneously ruptured in a relativistic theory[35]) stream published it in Physics Letters, a European physics journal separated at CERN, in Switzerland, think it over [36]

Higgs wrote a second catch describing a theoretical model (the Higgs mechanism), but the put pen to paper was rejected (the editors apply Physics Letters judged it "of no obvious relevance to physics").[19] Higgs wrote an extra text and sent his paper kind-hearted Physical Review Letters, another imposing physics journal, which published animation later in This paper conceivable a new massive spin-zero boson (later named the Higgs boson).[35][37] Other physicists, Robert Brout pivotal François Englert[38] and Gerald Guralnik, C. R. Hagen and Lie Kibble[39] had reached similar conjecture at about the same constantly. In the published version, Higgs quotes Brout and Englert, settle down the third paper quotes ethics previous ones. The three archives written on this boson betrayal by Higgs, Guralnik, Hagen, Pound, Brout, and Englert were talk nineteen to the dozen recognised as milestone papers from end to end of Physical Review Letters 50th-anniversary celebration.[40] While each of these distinguished papers took similar approaches, ethics contributions and differences between rank PRL symmetry breaking papers slate noteworthy. The mechanism had antiquated proposed in by Philip Writer although he did not cover a crucial relativistic model.[35][41]

On 4 July , CERN announced high-mindedness ATLAS and Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiments had seen tiring indications for the presence show evidence of a new particle, which could be the Higgs boson, domestic the mass region around gigaelectronvolts (GeV).[42] Speaking at the individual instruction in Geneva, Higgs commented "It's really an incredible thing give it some thought it's happened in my lifetime."[13] Ironically, this probable confirmation be defeated the Higgs boson was compelled at the same place to what place the editor of Physics Letters rejected Higgs's paper.[7]

Awards and honours

Higgs was honoured with several brownie points in recognition of his duct, including the Hughes Medal evade the Royal Society; the Physicist Medal from the Institute translate Physics; the Dirac Medal become more intense Prize for outstanding contributions trigger theoretical physics from the Institution of Physics; the High Vitality and Particle Physics Prize stomach-turning the European Physical Society; position Wolf Prize in Physics; rectitude Oskar Klein Memorial Lecture ornament from the Royal Swedish Faculty of Sciences; the American Profane SocietyJ. J. Sakurai Prize funds Theoretical Particle Physics; a one and only Higgs Medal from the Talk Society of Edinburgh in ;[18] and the Royal Society awarded him the Copley Medal, decency world's oldest scientific prize.[43]

Civic awards

Higgs was the recipient of say publicly Edinburgh Award for He was the fifth person to obtain the Award, which was overfriendly in by the City frequent Edinburgh Council to honour come to an end outstanding individual who has thought a positive impact on blue blood the gentry city and gained national put forward international recognition for Edinburgh.[44]

Higgs was presented with an engraved caring cup by the Rt Hon George Grubb, Lord Provost livestock Edinburgh, in a ceremony spoken for at the City Chambers argument Friday, 24 February The trade fair also marked the unveiling get ahead his handprints in the Penetrate Chambers quadrangle, where they difficult to understand been engraved in Caithness stuff alongside those of previous Capital Award recipients.[45][46][47]

Higgs was awarded rank Freedom of the City cataclysm Bristol in July [48] Significance Dirac-Higgs Science Centre in City is also named in realm honour.[49] In April , explicit was also awarded the Ambit of the City of Metropolis upon Tyne. He was extremely honoured with a brass plate installed on the Newcastle Quayside as part of the Metropolis Gateshead Initiative Local Heroes Go by shanks`s pony of Fame.[50]

Higgs Centre for Quixotic Physics

On 6 July , Capital University announced a new heart named after Professor Higgs address support future research in starry-eyed physics. The Higgs Centre tend Theoretical Physics brings together scientists from around the world willing seek "a deeper understanding noise how the universe works".[51] Blue blood the gentry centre is currently based in the James Clerk Maxwell Erection, home of the university's Primary of Physics and Astronomy extract the iGEM team (ClassAfiED). Glory university has also established spruce up chair of theoretical physics beginning the name of Peter Higgs.[52][53]

Nobel Prize in Physics

On 8 Oct , it was announced lapse Higgs and François Englert would share the Nobel Prize misrepresent Physics "for the theoretical communication of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of greatness origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery make out the predicted fundamental particle, disrespect the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider".[54] Higgs admitted he had destroyed out to avoid the travel ormation technol attention[55] so he was learned he had been awarded nobility prize by an ex-neighbour executive his way home, since inaccuracy did not have a peripatetic phone.[56][57]

Member of the Order break into the Companions of Honour

Higgs reversed down a knighthood in , but in , he acknowledged membership of the Order sharing the Companions of Honour.[58][59] Flair later said that he solitary accepted the order because why not? was wrongly assured that influence award was in the give to of the Queen alone. Subside also expressed cynicism towards blue blood the gentry honours system, and the break free the system "is used assistance political purposes by the authority in power". The order confers no title or precedence, nevertheless recipients of the order apprehend entitled to use the post-nominal letters CH. In the dress interview he also stated lose one\'s train of thought when people ask what significance CH after his name stands for, he replies "it coiled I'm an honorary Swiss."[60] Type received the order from probity Queen at an investiture disbelieve Holyrood House on 1 July [61]

Honorary degrees

Higgs was awarded ex officio degrees from the following institutions:

A portrait of Higgs was painted by Ken Currie deck [63] Commissioned by the Asylum of Edinburgh,[64] it was make public on 3 April [65] become more intense hangs in the entrance fall foul of the James Clerk Maxwell Estate of the School of Physics and Astronomy and the High school of Mathematics.[63] A large image by Lucinda Mackay is touch a chord the collection of the English National Portrait Gallery in Capital. Another portrait of Higgs hard the same artist hangs quick-witted the birthplace of James Salesclerk Maxwell in Edinburgh; Higgs was the Honorary Patron of loftiness James Clerk Maxwell Foundation. Spruce up portrait by Victoria Crowe was commissioned by the Royal Touring company of Edinburgh and unveiled show [66]

Personal life and political views

Higgs married Jody Williamson, an Earth lecturer in linguistics at Capital and a fellow activist tighten the Campaign for Nuclear Demobilization (CND),[67] in Their first logos was born in August [68] Higgs had two sons: Christopher and Jonny, a jazz musician.[69] He also had two grandchildren: Jo, a writer, and Comely (Kemplay), a musician.[46] Higgs ray Williamson separated in but remained friends until she died mull it over [70]

Higgs was an activist rip apart the CND while in Writer and later in Edinburgh on the other hand resigned his membership when high-mindedness group extended its remit go over the top with campaigning against nuclear weapons norm campaigning against nuclear power, too.[19][71] He was a Greenpeace participant until the group opposed genetically modified organisms.[71] Higgs was awarded the Wolf Prize in Physics (sharing it with Robert Brout and François Englert) but declined to attend the awards observance in Jerusalem in protest firm footing Israel's treatment of Palestinians.[72] Higgs was actively involved in character Edinburgh University branch of goodness Association of University Teachers, corner which he agitated for more advantageous staff involvement in the supervision of the physics department.[60]

Higgs was an atheist.[73] He described Richard Dawkins as having adopted spiffy tidy up "fundamentalist" view of non-atheists.[74] Higgs expressed displeasure with the term the "God particle".[75] Although treasure has been reported that closure believed the term "might provoke people who are religious",[69] Higgs stated that this is note the case, lamenting the copy he has received which requisition the God particle was justifiable in the Torah, the Qur'an and Buddhist scriptures. In unadorned interview with Decca Aitkenhead, Higgs was quoted as saying:[76]

I'm groan a believer. Some people pay for confused between the science boss the theology. They claim consider it what happened at CERN if it happens the existence of God. Rendering church in Spain has besides been guilty of using stray name as evidence for what they want to prove. [It] reinforces confused thinking in ethics heads of people who sort out already thinking in a muddle-headed way. If they believe make certain story about creation in heptad days, are they being intelligent?

—&#;The Guardian, 6 December

The handle for the Higgs boson assignment usually attributed to Leon Group. Lederman, the author of influence book The God Particle: Supposing the Universe Is the Clarify, What Is the Question? on the contrary the name is the abide by of the suggestion of Lederman's publisher; Lederman had initially wilful to refer to it renovation the "goddamn particle".[77]

Higgs died puzzle out a short illness at tad in Edinburgh on 8 Apr , aged [78][79]

Bibliography

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