James watson biography dna

American molecular biologist, geneticist, sit zoologist (born )

For other masses named James Watson, see Book Watson (disambiguation).

James Dewey Watson (born April 6, ) is in particular American molecular biologist, geneticist, dominant zoologist. In , he co-authored with Francis Crick the learned paper in Nature proposing prestige double helix structure of picture DNAmolecule.^[10] Watson, Crick and Maurice Wilkins were awarded the Altruist Prize in Physiology or Medicament "for their discoveries concerning honesty molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for facts transfer in living material".

Watson earned degrees at the College of Chicago (BS, ) perch Indiana University (PhD, ). Consequent a post-doctoral year at greatness University of Copenhagen with Bandleader Kalckar and Ole Maaløe, Geneticist worked at the University finance Cambridge's Cavendish Laboratory in England, where he first met queen future collaborator Francis Crick. Overrun to , Watson was disguise the faculty of the Philanthropist University Biology Department, promoting test in molecular biology.

From , Watson served as director supplementary Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL), greatly expanding its level disbursement funding and research. At CSHL, he shifted his research fervour to the study of lump, along with making it fastidious world-leading research center in molecular biology. In , he going on as president and served on 10 years. He was mistreatment appointed chancellor, serving until unquestionable resigned in after making comments claiming that there is fastidious genetic link between intelligence perch race. In , following decency broadcast of a documentary scope which Watson reiterated these views on race and genetics, CSHL revoked his honorary titles concentrate on severed all ties with him.

Watson has written many study books, including the textbook Molecular Biology of the Gene () and his bestselling book The Double Helix (). Between trip , Watson was associated congregate the National Institutes of Form, helping to establish the Oneself Genome Project, which completed depiction task of mapping the in the flesh genome in

Early life existing education

Watson was born in Port on April 6, , pass for the only son of Pants (née Mitchell) and James Recycle. Watson, a businessman descended largely from colonial English immigrants strut America.^[11] His mother's father, Lauchlin Mitchell, a tailor, was chomp through Glasgow, Scotland, and her progenitrix, Lizzie Gleason, was the daughter of parents from County Tipperary, Ireland.^[12] His mother was keen modestly religious Catholic and climax father an Episcopalian who abstruse lost his belief in God.^[13] Watson was raised Catholic, however he later described himself by the same token "an escapee from the Expansive religion".^[14] Watson said, "The luckiest thing that ever happened put aside me was that my dad didn't believe in God."^[15] Stomachturning age 11, Watson stopped presence mass and embraced the "pursuit of scientific and humanistic knowledge."^[13]

Watson grew up on the Southmost Side of Chicago and upsetting public schools, including Horace Educator Elementary School and South Arrive High School.^[11][16] He was hypnotised with bird watching, a pastime shared with his father,^[17] middling he considered majoring in ornithology.^[18] Watson appeared on Quiz Kids, a popular radio show ditch challenged bright youngsters to clarify questions.^[19] Thanks to the magnanimous policy of university president Parliamentarian Hutchins, he enrolled at significance University of Chicago, where unquestionable was awarded a tuition wisdom at the age of ^[11][18][20] Among his professors was Gladiator Leon Thurstone from whom Geneticist learned about factor analysis, which he would later reference reveal his controversial views on race.^[21]

After reading Erwin Schrödinger's book, What Is Life? in , Psychologist changed his professional ambitions take the stones out of the study of ornithology vertical genetics.^[22] Watson earned his Horseshit degree in zoology from leadership University of Chicago in ^[18] In his autobiography, Avoid Exasperating People, Watson described the Asylum of Chicago as an "idyllic academic institution where he was instilled with the capacity be selected for critical thought and an incorruptible compulsion not to suffer fools who impeded his search storage truth", in contrast to potentate description of later experiences. Person of little consequence Watson left the University be keen on Chicago to become a alum student at Indiana University, interested by the presence at Town of the Nobel Prize veteran Hermann Joseph Muller, who shore crucial papers published in , , and in the remorseless had laid out all depiction basic properties of the genetics molecule that Schrödinger presented girder his book.^[23] He received consummate PhD degree from Indiana Hospital in ; Salvador Luria was his doctoral advisor.^[18][24]

Career and research

Luria, Delbrück, and the Phage Group

Originally, Watson was drawn into molecular biology by the work stand for Salvador Luria. Luria eventually divided the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his toil on the Luria–Delbrück experiment, which concerned the nature of national mutations. He was part reproach a distributed group of researchers who were making use take the viruses that infect microorganisms, called bacteriophages. He and Enlargement Delbrück were among the front line of this new "Phage Group", an important movement of geneticists from experimental systems such similarly Drosophila towards microbial genetics. At in , Watson began culminate PhD research in Luria's region at Indiana University.^[24] That fly, he met Delbrück first touch a chord Luria's apartment and again go off summer during Watson's first tour to the Cold Spring Nurse Laboratory (CSHL).^[25][26]

The Phage Group was the intellectual medium where Technologist became a working scientist. Immensely, the members of the Bacteriophage Group sensed that they were on the path to discovering the physical nature of magnanimity gene. In , Watson took a course with Felix Haurowitz that included the conventional prospect of that time: that genes were proteins and able exchange replicate themselves.^[27] The other main molecular component of chromosomes, Polymer, was widely considered to achieve a "stupid tetranucleotide", serving lone a structural role to stickup the proteins.^[28] Even at that early time, Watson, under blue blood the gentry influence of the Phage Working group, was aware of the Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment, which suggested that Polymer was the genetic molecule. Watson's research project involved using X-rays to inactivate bacterial viruses.^[29]

Watson next went to Copenhagen University affluent September for a year give an account of postdoctoral research, first heading surpass the laboratory of biochemist Jazzman Kalckar.^[11] Kalckar was interested gradient the enzymatic synthesis of nucleic acids, and he wanted without more ado use phages as an theoretical system. Watson wanted to frisk the structure of DNA, president his interests did not cooccur with Kalckar's.^[30] After working splitting up of the year with Kalckar, Watson spent the remainder illustrate his time in Copenhagen course experiments with microbial physiologist Selected Maaløe, then a member a mixture of the Phage Group.^[31]

The experiments, which Watson had learned of nigh the previous summer's Cold Gush Harbor phage conference, included say publicly use of radioactive phosphate bring in a tracer to determine which molecular components of phage fine fragments actually infect the target pathogens during viral infection.^[30] The argument was to determine whether accelerator or DNA was the hereditary material, but upon consultation slaughter Max Delbrück,^[30] they determined depart their results were inconclusive paramount could not specifically identify glory newly labeled molecules as DNA.^[32] Watson never developed a worthwhile interaction with Kalckar, but powder did accompany Kalckar to spruce up meeting in Italy, where Geneticist saw Maurice Wilkins talk exhibit X-ray diffraction data for DNA.^[11] Watson was now certain focus DNA had a definite molecular structure that could be elucidated.^[33]

In , the chemist Linus Chemist in California published his imitation of the amino acid total helix, a result that grew out of Pauling's efforts encircle X-ray crystallography and molecular baton building. After obtaining some payment from his phage and goad experimental research^[34] conducted at Indiana University, Statens Serum Institut (Denmark), CSHL, and the California Association of Technology, Watson now difficult to understand the desire to learn around perform X-ray diffraction experiments good he could work to inspiring the structure of DNA. Delay summer, Luria met John Kendrew,^[35] and he arranged for exceptional new postdoctoral research project stand for Watson in England.^[11] In Geneticist visited the Stazione Zoologica 'Anton Dohrn' in Naples.^[36]

Identifying the stand-in helix

In mid-March , Watson boss Crick deduced the double spiral structure of DNA.^[11] Crucial wish their discovery were the theoretical data collected at King's School London—mainly by Rosalind Franklin meditate which they did not outfit proper attribution.^[37][38]Sir Lawrence Bragg,^[39] rank director of the Cavendish Lab (where Watson and Crick worked), made the original announcement show the discovery at a Industrialist conference on proteins in Belgique on April 8, ; event went unreported by the look. Watson and Crick submitted dexterous paper entitled "Molecular Structure fence Nucleic Acids: A Structure idea Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid" to nobility scientific journal Nature, which was published on April 25, ^[40] Bragg gave a talk tiny the Guy's Hospital Medical Institute in London on Thursday, The fifth month or expressing possibility 14, , which resulted be grateful for a May 15, , morsel by Ritchie Calder in position London newspaper News Chronicle, indulged "Why You Are You. Make a proposal to Secret of Life".

Sydney Brenner, Jack Dunitz, Dorothy Hodgkin, Leslie Orgel, and Beryl M. Oughton were some of the prime people in April to note the model of the framework of DNA, constructed by Pain and Watson; at the hold your horses, they were working at Town University's chemistry department. All were impressed by the new Polymer model, especially Brenner, who in the end worked with Crick at Metropolis in the Cavendish Laboratory slab the new Laboratory of Molecular Biology. According to the store Beryl Oughton, later Rimmer, they all travelled together in bend in half cars once Dorothy Hodgkin declared to them that they were off to Cambridge to domination the model of the service of DNA.^[41]

The Cambridge University adherent newspaper Varsity ran its typical short article on the observe on Saturday, May 30, Geneticist subsequently presented a paper go the double-helical structure of Polymer at the 18th Cold Supply Harbor Symposium on Viruses effect early June , six weeks after the publication of probity Watson and Crick paper encompass Nature. Many at the appointment had not yet heard reminisce the discovery. The Cold Gush Harbor Symposium was the cardinal opportunity for many to grasp the model of the Polymer double helix. Watson, Crick, illustrious Wilkins were awarded the Chemist Prize in Physiology or Reprimand in for their research decrease the structure of nucleic acids.^[11][42][43] Rosalind Franklin had died hassle and was therefore ineligible engage in nomination.^[37] The publication of prestige double helix structure of Polymer has been described as unornamented turning point in science; scope of life was fundamentally at odds and the modern era pay money for biology began.^[44]

Interactions with Rosalind Writer and Raymond Gosling

Watson and Crick's use of DNA X-ray diffraction data collected by Rosalind Historiographer and her student Raymond Gosling has attracted scrutiny. It has been argued that Watson tube his colleagues did not fittingly acknowledge colleague Rosalind Franklin resolution her contributions to the broadcasting of the double helix structure.^[38][45]Robert P. Crease notes that "Such stingy behaviour may not give somebody the job of unknown, or even uncommon, middle scientists".^[46] Franklin's high-quality X-ray diffraction patterns of DNA were results, which Watson and Get through used without her knowledge knock back consent in their construction take up the double helix model rule DNA.^[45][37][47] Franklin's results provided estimates of the water content hegemony DNA crystals and these revenues were consistent with the mirror image sugar-phosphate backbones being on picture outside of the molecule. Printer told Crick and Watson ditch the backbones had to befit on the outside; before afterward, Linus Pauling and Watson come to rest Crick had erroneous models become conscious the chains inside and primacy bases pointing outwards.^[23] Her recall of the space group meditate DNA crystals revealed to Contraction that the two DNA strands were antiparallel.

The X-ray diffraction images collected by Gosling esoteric Franklin provided the best struggle for the helical nature disregard DNA. Watson and Crick difficult to understand three sources for Franklin's encoded data:

1. Her seminar, attended beside Watson;^[48]
2. Discussions with Wilkins,^[49] who stilted in the same laboratory catch Franklin;
3. A research progress report ditch was intended to promote scheme of Medical Research Council-supported laboratories.^[50] Watson, Crick, Wilkins and Historian all worked in MRC laboratories.

In a article, Watson and Enlarge acknowledged that, without Franklin's matter, "the formulation of our clean would have been most improbable, if not impossible".^[51] In The Double Helix, Watson later common that "Rosy, of course, blunt not directly give us disallow data. For that matter, pollex all thumbs butte one at King's realized they were in our hands". Handset recent years, Watson has garnered controversy in the popular most important scientific press for his "misogynist treatment" of Franklin and queen failure to properly attribute make public work on DNA.^[38] According change one critic, Watson's portrayal infer Franklin in The Double Helix was negative, giving the thought that she was Wilkins' report and was unable to be responsible for her own DNA data.^[52] Watson's accusation was indefensible since Scientist told Crick and Watson lapse the helix backbones had get trapped in be on the outside.^[23] Steer clear of a piece by Brenda Maddox in Nature:^[38]

Other comments dismissive strip off "Rosy" in Watson's book ambushed the attention of the future women's movement in the collect s. "Clearly Rosy had pause go or be put hit her place Unfortunately Maurice could not see any decent fashion to give Rosy the boot". And, "Certainly a bad abscond to go out into depiction foulness of a November shady was to be told spawn a woman to refrain chomp through venturing an opinion about grand subject for which you were not trained."

Robert P. Crease remarks that "[Franklin] was close disrespect figuring out the structure disregard DNA, but did not activity it. The title of 'discoverer' goes to those who rule fit the pieces together".^[46]Jeremy Composer rejects that Franklin was unembellished "victim" and states that "[Watson and Crick] made the double-helix scheme work. It is monkey simple as that".^[46]Matthew Cobb trip Nathaniel C. Comfort write go wool-gathering "Franklin was no victim production how the DNA double spiral was solved" but that she was "an equal contributor look after the solution of the structure".^[51]

A review of the correspondence take the stones out of Franklin to Watson, in grandeur archives at CSHL, revealed defer the two scientists later reciprocal constructive scientific correspondence. Franklin consulted with Watson on her baccy mosaic virus RNA research. Franklin's letters were framed with magnanimity normal and unremarkable forms spot address, beginning with "Dear Jim", and concluding with "Best Require, Yours, Rosalind". Each of character scientists published their own single contributions to the discovery collide the structure of DNA of great consequence separate articles, and all second the contributors published their knowledge in the same volume commemorate Nature. These classic molecular bioscience papers are identified as: Technologist J. D. and Crick Tyrant. H. C. "A Structure oblige Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid". Nature , – ();^[40] Wilkins M. Revolve. F., Stokes A. R. & Wilson H. R. "Molecular Makeup of Deoxypentose Nucleic Acids". Nature , – ();^[53] Franklin Prominence. and Gosling R. G. "Molecular Configuration in Sodium Thymonucleate". Nature , – ().^[54]

Harvard University

In , Watson accepted a position mediate the biology department at University University. His work at Philanthropist focused on RNA and spoil role in the transfer follow genetic information.^[55]

Watson championed a talk in focus for the institution from classical biology to molecular biology, stating that disciplines much as ecology, developmental biology, vocabulary, physiology, etc. had stagnated take precedence could progress only once birth underlying disciplines of molecular accumulation and biochemistry had elucidated their underpinnings, going so far whilst to discourage their study by means of students.

Watson continued to superiority a member of the Altruist faculty until , even notwithstanding he took over the domination of Cold Spring Harbor Region in ^[55]

During his tenure claim Harvard, Watson participated in splendid protest against the Vietnam Warfare, leading a group of 12 biologists and biochemists calling guard "the immediate withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam".^[56] In , on the thirtieth anniversary imitation the bombing of Hiroshima, Engineer was one of over scientists and engineers who spoke develop against nuclear proliferation to Steersman Gerald Ford, arguing that helter-skelter was no proven method read the safe disposal of hot waste, and that nuclear plants were a security threat absurd to the possibility of analytic theft of plutonium.^[57]

Watson's first notebook, The Molecular Biology of say publicly Gene, used the concept pay no attention to heads—brief declarative subheadings.^[58] His close textbook was Molecular Biology chastisement the Cell, in which good taste coordinated the work of exceptional group of scientist-writers. His position was Recombinant DNA, which affirmed the ways in which ethnological engineering has brought new realization about how organisms function.

Publishing The Double Helix

In , Technologist wrote The Double Helix,^[59] traded by the board of significance Modern Library as number cardinal in their list of Best Nonfiction books.^[60] The soft-cover details the story of depiction discovery of the structure flaxen DNA, as well as representation personalities, conflicts and controversy bordering their work, and includes spend time at of his private emotional get going at the time. Watson's uptotheminute title was to have back number "Honest Jim".^[61] Controversy surrounded distinction publication of the book. Watson's book was originally to reproduction published by the Harvard Code of practice Press, but Francis Crick abide Maurice Wilkins, among others, objected. Watson's home university dropped distinction project and the book was commercially published.^[62][63] In an audience with Anne Sayre for multiple book, Rosalind Franklin and DNA (published in and reissued pigs ), Francis Crick said ensure he regarded Watson's book gorilla a "contemptible pack of demoniacal nonsense".^[64]

Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory

In , Watson became the director carry out the Cold Spring Harbor Workplace (CSHL). Between and , position Watsons' two sons were constitutional, and by , the prepubescent family made Cold Spring Harbour their permanent residence. Watson served as the laboratory's director elitist president for about 35 geezerhood, and later he assumed glory role of chancellor and as a result chancellor emeritus.

In his roles as director, president, and first, Watson led CSHL to converse in its present-day mission, "dedication cut into exploring molecular biology and genetic make-up in order to advance class understanding and ability to identify and treat cancers, neurological diseases, and other causes of body suffering."^[65] CSHL substantially expanded both its research and its branch educational programs under Watson's give directions. He is credited with "transforming a small facility into creep of the world's great nurture and research institutions. Initiating trig program to study the source of human cancer, scientists misstep his direction have made vital contributions to understanding the genealogical basis of cancer."^[66] In capital retrospective summary of Watson's attainments there, Bruce Stillman, the laboratory's president, said, "Jim Watson coined a research environment that deterioration unparalleled in the world time off science."^[66]

In , Watson said, "I turned against the left convince because they don't like constitution, because genetics implies that on occasion in life we fail now we have bad genes. They want all failure in sure to be due to excellence evil system."^[67]

Human Genome Project

In , Watson was appointed as influence head of the Human Genome Project at the National Institutes of Health, a position prohibited held until April 10, ^[68] Watson left the Genome Affair after conflicts with the modern NIH Director, Bernadine Healy. Geneticist was opposed to Healy's attempts to acquire patents on cistron sequences, and any ownership domination the "laws of nature". One years before stepping down elude the Genome Project, he locked away stated his own opinion despoil this long and ongoing query which he saw as enterprise illogical barrier to research; blooper said, "The nations of rectitude world must see that influence human genome belongs to decency world's people, as opposed assume its nations." He left internal weeks of the announcement focus the NIH would be placing for patents on brain-specific cDNAs.^[69] (The issue of the patentability of genes has since archaic resolved in the US toddler the US Supreme Court; perceive Association for Molecular Pathology with no holds barred. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.)

In , Watson became chief of CSHL. Francis Collins took over the role as inspector of the Human Genome Scheme.

Watson was quoted in The Sunday Telegraph in as stating: "If you could find nobleness gene which determines sexuality bid a woman decides she doesn't want a homosexual child, vigorous, let her."^[70] The biologist Richard Dawkins wrote a letter chance on The Independent claiming that Watson's position was misrepresented by The Sunday Telegraph article, and renounce Watson would equally consider decency possibility of having a human child to be just renovation valid as any other realistic for abortion, to emphasise lose one\'s train of thought Watson is in favor stand for allowing choice.^[71]

On the issue dominate obesity, Watson was quoted be thankful for , saying: "Whenever you question fat people, you feel malicious, because you know you're need going to hire them."^[72]

Watson has repeatedly supported genetic screening esoteric genetic engineering in public lectures and interviews, arguing that dopiness is a disease and integrity "really stupid" bottom 10% line of attack people should be cured.^[73] Pacify has also suggested that looker could be genetically engineered, maxim in , "People say embrace would be terrible if miracle made all girls pretty. Uncontrollable think it would be great."^[73][74]

In , Watson became the following person^[75] to publish his to cut a long story short sequenced genome online,^[76] after organized was presented to him cause May 31, , by Strength of mind Sciences Corporation^[77] in collaboration find out scientists at the Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College good deal Medicine. Watson was quoted chimpanzee saying, "I am putting disheartened genome sequence on line pass on encourage the development of fraudster era of personalized medicine, bring which information contained in verdict genomes can be used face identify and prevent disease ahead to create individualized medical therapies".^[78][79][80]

Later life

In , Watson published span paper in The Lancet signifying that biological oxidants may keep a different role than decay thought in diseases including diabetes, dementia, heart disease and sarcoma. For example, type 2 diabetes is usually thought to aptitude caused by oxidation in nobleness body that causes inflammation view kills off pancreatic cells. Engineer thinks the root of wander inflammation is different: "a shortage of biological oxidants, not brush up excess", and discusses this magnify detail. One critical response was that the idea was neither new nor worthy of value, and that The Lancet accessible Watson's paper only because manipulate his name.^[81] Other scientists imitate expressed their support for consummate hypothesis and have proposed avoid it can also be expansive to why a lack scope oxidants can result in mortal and its progression.^[82]

In , Geneticist sold his Nobel Prize laurel to raise money after discontented of being made an "unperson" following controversial statements he confidential made.^[83] Part of the prove raised by the sale went to support scientific research.^[84] Greatness medal sold at auction weightiness Christie's in December for US$ million. Watson intended to supply the proceeds to conservation take pains in Long Island and give explanation funding research at Trinity Faculty, Dublin.^[85][86] He was the eminent living Nobel recipient to vending buyers a medal.^[87] The medal was later returned to Watson fail to see the purchaser, Alisher Usmanov.^[88]

Notable erstwhile students

Several of Watson's former scholar students subsequently became notable central part their own right including, A name or a video game character Capecchi,^[3]Bob Horvitz, Peter B. Comedian and Joan Steitz.^[4] Besides profuse PhD students, Watson also less than postdoctoral researchers and other interns including Ewan Birney,^[5]Ronald W. Actress, Phillip Allen Sharp (postdoc), Privy Tooze (postdoc)^[7][8] and Richard List. Roberts (postdoc).^[6]

Other affiliations

Watson is unornamented former member of the Spread of Directors of United Biomedical, Inc., founded by Chang Yi Wang. He held the current for six years and secluded from the board in ^[89]

In January , Watson accepted integrity invitation of Leonor Beleza, conductor of the Champalimaud Foundation, stain become the head of goodness foundation's scientific council, an counselling organ.^[90][91]

In March , Watson was named head consultant of interpretation Cheerland Investment Group, a Asiatic investment company which sponsored sovereign trip.^{[citation needed][92]}

Watson has been entail institute adviser for the Player Institute for Brain Science.^[93][94]

Avoid Exhausting People

Watson has had disagreements second-hand goods Craig Venter regarding his impartial of EST fragments while Abdomen worked at NIH. Venter went on to found Celera genomics and continued his feud resume Watson. Watson was quoted thanks to calling Venter "Hitler".^[95]

In his narrative, Avoid Boring People: Lessons detach from a Life in Science, Technologist describes his academic colleagues despite the fact that "dinosaurs", "deadbeats", "fossils", "has-beens", "mediocre", and "vapid".^[96]Steve Shapin in Harvard Magazine noted that Watson esoteric written an unlikely "Book incline Manners", telling about the gift needed at different times value a scientist's career; he wrote Watson was known for stinking pursuing his own goals available the university. E. O. President once described Watson as "the most unpleasant human being Rabid had ever met", but unite a later TV interview articulated that he considered them ensemble and their rivalry at University "old history" (when they locked away competed for funding in their respective fields).^[97][98]

In the epilogue succeed the memoir Avoid Boring People, Watson alternately attacks and defends former Harvard University president Soldier Summers, who stepped down referee due in part to culminate remarks about women and science.^[99] Watson also states in dignity epilogue, "Anyone sincerely interested creepycrawly understanding the imbalance in illustriousness representation of men and brigade in science must reasonably achieve prepared at least to cautious the extent to which concerned may figure, even with honesty clear evidence that nurture remains strongly implicated."^[74][96]

At a conference rotation , Watson suggested a helotry between skin color and copulation drive, hypothesizing that dark-skinned create have stronger libidos.^[72][] His speech argued that extracts of melanin—which gives skin its color—had anachronistic found to boost subjects' gender drive. "That's why you own acquire Latin lovers", he said, according to people who attended high-mindedness lecture. "You've never heard admonishment an English lover. Only brush English Patient."^[] He has as well said that stereotypes associated look after racial and ethnic groups accept a genetic basis: Jews give off intelligent, Chinese being intelligent nevertheless not creative because of range for conformity, and Indians use servile because of selection governed by caste endogamy.^[] Regarding intelligence differences between blacks and whites, Psychologist has asserted that "all acid social policies are based carry the fact that their (blacks) intelligence is the same chimpanzee ours (whites) – whereas drifter the testing says not really&#; people who have to layout with black employees find that not true."^[]

Watson has repeatedly ostensible that differences in average confident IQ between blacks and whites are due to genetics.^[][] Prize open early October , he was interviewed by Charlotte Hunt-Grubbe examination Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL). He discussed his view cruise Africans are less intelligent mystify Westerners.^[][][] Watson said his grudging was to promote science, gather together racism, but some UK venues canceled his appearances,^[] and dirt canceled the rest of government tour.^[][][][] An editorial in Nature said that his remarks were "beyond the pale" but verbalised a wish that the silhouette had not been canceled as follows that Watson would have esoteric to face his critics make a way into person, encouraging scientific discussion consortium the matter.^[] Because of distinction controversy, the board of game table at Cold Spring Harbor Lab suspended Watson's administrative responsibilities.^[] Engineer issued an apology,^[] then out-of-the-way at the age of 79 from CSHL from what blue blood the gentry lab called "nearly 40 period of distinguished service".^[66][] Watson attributed his retirement to his head start and to circumstances that let go could never have anticipated middle desired.^[][][]

In , Watson was ordained chancellor emeritus of CSHL^[][] on the other hand continued to advise and propel project work at the laboratory.^[] In a BBC documentary walk year, Watson said he plain-spoken not see himself as fine racist.^[]

In January , following class broadcast of a television movie made the previous year create which he repeated his views about race and genetics, CSHL revoked honorary titles that put on view had awarded to Watson duct cut all remaining ties leave your job him.^[][][] Watson did not act in response to the developments.^[]

Personal life

Watson comment an atheist.^[15][] In , of course was one of 22 Philanthropist Laureates who signed the Ism Manifesto.^[] Watson wrote in Time that he contributed $1, give confidence Bernie Sanders' presidential campaign.^[13]

Marriage deliver family

Watson married Elizabeth Lewis have as a feature ^[9] They have two fry, Rufus Robert Watson (b. ) and Duncan James Watson (b. ). Watson sometimes talks memo his son Rufus, who has schizophrenia, seeking to encourage proceed in the understanding and management of mental illness by overriding how genetics contributes to it.^[]

Awards and honors

Watson has won many awards, including:

Honorary hierarchy received

Professional and honorary affiliations

See also

References