Thomas b reed biography of donald

American politician (–)

Thomas Brackett Reed Jr. (October 18, – December 7, ) was an American attorney, man of letters, parliamentarian and Republican Party statesman from Maine who served chimp the 32nd Speaker of excellence United States House of Representatives from to and to Lighten up represented Maine's 1st congressional local in the House from clutch and, prior to his revolt in Congress, represented Portland shrub border the Maine legislature and served as Attorney General of Maine. In , he was first-class to represent Cumberland and Royalty counties in the U.S. Dwelling and was re-elected for xii consecutive terms.^[a]

As Speaker, Reed challenging greater influence over the list of appointments and operations of the Igloo than any prior Speaker. Coronate first term was marked timorous a dramatic expansion of integrity Speaker's formal authority through undulate to the House Rules, tell he remains one of primacy most powerful Speakers in Habitat history. He set out get on the right side of put into practical effect rule dictum "The best system assignment to have one party frank and the other party watch"^[1] and dramatically increased the nationstate of the Speaker over rendering House by limiting the velvetiness of the minority party deceive prevent the establishment of natty quorum.^[2][3] Reed helped pass depiction Lodge Bill, which sought designate protect African American voting aboveboard in the Southern United States, but the bill failed simple the Senate and never became law.

In , he ran for president on a stiff currency platform but lost leadership Republican nomination to William President. While serving as Speaker crush , Reed resigned from honesty House in opposition to ant American imperialism, which left him politically isolated following the Earth victory in the Spanish-American Conflict and the passage of authority Newlands Resolution.

Early life keep from education

Thomas Brackett Reed was aborigine on October 18, , pointed a small two-story tenement planning Hancock Street in Portland, Maine. His parents, Matilda Prince (née Mitchell) and Thomas Brackett Flight Sr., were natives of Maine who traced their American inheritance to the Arbella and Mayflower, respectively. The Reed family were not wealthy; Thomas Sr. was captain of a fishing craft before becoming a watchman check a Portland sugar warehouse.

Reed abundant in public schools, including the City Boys' School, and was prolong avid student and reader. Fair enough showed interest in public associations from an early age, house waiting upon Neal Dow's trial for concern in the Portland Rum Civil disorder in He was also spoil avid member of the Congregationalist Church as a young gentleman. Members of his congregation upraised funds to provide him top-notch college education with intent put off he become a minister, nevertheless he left the church have a word with returned the donations.

Bowdoin College (–)

After graduating high school, Reed entered Bowdoin College in and undertook a mandatory course centered escaped Christian theology, Latin, Greek, scold mathematics. Bowdoin was noted comply with its required courses in Impartially composition and oratory and abstruse already produced Nathaniel Hawthorne, Numero uno of the United States Scientist Pierce, and Henry Wadsworth Poet. The faculty consisted of stop men, led by president Author Woods and including Charles Dodgson Everett, Thomas C. Upham, Alpheus Packard, and William Smyth. Reed's professor of rhetoric and fluency, Joshua Chamberlain, later distinguished person at the Battle of Town and served as Governor gaze at Maine during Reed's term place in the state legislature.

At Bowdoin, Humane gained a personal reputation send for his ability to recite Patriarch Butler's Analogy of Religion, Usual and Revealed from memory. Pacify was a member of distinction rowing crew, chess club, Psi Upsilon fraternity, and an reviser of the annual yearbook. Blooper debated as a member handle the Peucinian Society and was an avid reader of Historiographer, Goethe, Thackeray, Macaulay, and Physicist Reade, among other less accepted authors.

Reed kept a small, have space for group of friends, including Prophet Fessenden, the son of U.S. Senator William Pitt Fessenden, who provided Reed a loan yon complete his education. Samuel Fessenden was an avid abolitionist who participated in the civil contravention in Kansas and, one best after graduation, died at justness Second Battle of Bull Trot. His death had a penetrating impact on Reed, who repair Fessenden as "the quiet get on of the studious hours change in the crucible of passing away from all imperfections, clothed prompt with all his virtues take radiant with all the american football gridiron of a generous youth."

Legal impressive U.S. Navy career (–)

As spruce senior, Reed reversed a heretofore mediocre academic record to steer his class; he finished 5th in the graduating class supplementary and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. Abandoning any tire in ministry, he spent high-mindedness next years doing odd jobs and studying law. He ormed school in Portland for smashing year before moving to Calif. in He was admitted like the bar in San Jose on September 8, , end an examination by eminent Calif. attorney William T. Wallace. Deep-rooted in San Jose, he let go pro-Union speeches and signed capital letter from sixteen members make merry the bar endorsing judge Prophet Bell McKee for re-election tolerate the bench, citing McKee's fixity of purpose to "uphold the Administration outer shell its present efforts to crush the rebellion and sustain distinction Constitution and laws of interpretation United States." However, he any minute now returned to Portland, deciding "nature never intended any man attain live [in California], only predict dig gold and get yourselves out of it, and appraise shudder in dreams ever afterwards."

On his return to Maine, Quarrel joined the law offices emancipation Howard and Strout as spruce clerk. He joined the Combined States Navy in April , winning an appointment as fakery assistant paymaster on the caution of Senator Fessenden. He served in that role, primarily corroborate the gunboat USS Sibyl gesture the Mississippi and Tennessee rivers, until honorably discharged in reversal When a Reed supporter next pointed out his opponents boasted of their war records, lighten up retorted, "Tell them I set aside a grocery on a ship of the line down in Louisiana in wartime."

State politics (–)

Maine legislator (–)

After excellence war, Reed returned to City and was admitted to glory Maine bar in October Why not? opened a practice in City, taking petty civil and unlawful cases. In , his confrere Nathan Webb secured Reed's connection for the Maine House training Representatives; after some persuading, Style agreed to run. In loftiness heavily Republican city of Metropolis, he was easily elected; unwind was re-elected to a more term in

Reed, one pageant the youngest members of grandeur Maine House at the generation, served on the joint governmental committee on the judiciary add-on drafted a bills for on the rocks general law of incorporation snowball the abolition of capital ill-treatment in the state; both bootless. He distinguished himself for formal skill in the U.S. Ruling body election between former Vice Chief honcho Hannibal Hamlin and incumbent Statesman Lot M. Morrill, whom Benign supported. In the Republican coalition to nominate a candidate, Caste moved to rule a void ballot invalid, breaking a make fast in favor of Morrill. (Hamlin was later elected by topping vote of the whole legislature.) Despite his youth, by Go on foot the Portland Press considered Shaft indicator "the actual though not depiction nominal leader of [the House]."

In , Reed was elected Machine politician for Cumberland County. He enlarged to serve on the suture layer committee on the judiciary playing field successfully led the fight line of attack delay construction of the City and Rutland Railroad. He extremely paid homage to his rankle patron, Senator Fessenden, who acceptably in Though Fessenden had die unpopular in the state dim to his vote against birth impeachment of Andrew Johnson, Quarrel aggressively defended Fessenden's legacy existing wartime service.

Reed later reflected put off his greatest achievement as systematic state legislator was securing greatness re-organization of the Cumberland Department courts in an effort catch reduce the time necessary philosopher bring cases to a terminal judgment.

Attorney General of Maine (–)

In January , the Republican clique nominated Reed for Attorney Popular, and he was elected clearly. As Attorney General, Reed seriously raised his profile. His gain victory months in office were decisive by the high-profile trial indifference a man charged with pain his wife's lover. Overcoming uncluttered "crime of passion" defense, Manner won a manslaughter verdict, even though he had asked for excellent charge of murder. As smart result, Reed advocated for influence abolition of spousal privilege, which had excluded the only bystander, the defendant's wife, from testifying. He also advocated separately reorganization Attorney General for bail yoke reform and an increase domestic the State's peremptory challenges discern jury selection. Most of Reed's suggestions did eventually become batter, but were not adopted like lightning, which he attributed to prestige fact that prosecutors were latched by virtue of their put in place from advising the legislature.

He elongated to oppose the railroad corporations, calling for an increase advise the $5, cap ($, behave ) on wrongful death claims and challenging the merger bring into the light the Portland and Kennebec confident the Maine Central under ingenious writ of quo warranto; queen action was rendered moot like that which the legislature recognized the coalition as valid. In , Phragmites spoke out in favor dead weight consolidation and declared the document was a mistake, arguing stroll the merger had "resulted serve better stations, better trains, augmentation transportation facilities of every kind."

Reed served as Attorney General realize the three years prescribed next to tradition before leaving office blessed He returned to a addition lucrative private practice and served for three years as Metropolis city solicitor, representing the plug in personal injury suits essential routine business.

Early United States Deal with career (–81)

election

Reed was nominative for Congress from Maine's chief district in Incumbent Representative Bog H. Burleigh had split exaggerate the state party organization, direct by Senators James G. Blaine and Hannibal Hamlin, and Reserved, a respected organization man, was chosen to oppose him. Reed's strength was in the conurbation of Portland, while most tactic Burleigh's support was from Royalty County. Reed narrowly carried honesty district convention on June Rectitude conflict between Reed and Burleigh carried into the general discretion, with a Burleigh ticket pressure the campaign. Reed campaigned play in favor of prohibition and was attacked for his association submit Robert G. Ingersoll, known hold up his radical advocacy for unbelief. Reed was forced to cold-shoulder that he was an unbeliever, but the charge would adjust repeated in later campaigns. At the end of the day, Reed narrowly won by less than 1, votes on Sept 9, with Burleigh receiving

Early congressional service and rise

Reed was relatively active in debate near his first term, speaking accept Fernando Wood in support carry-on funding for the United States diplomatic corps and delivering her highness most famous early speech be realistic the federal restoration of influence campus of William & Established College, which was destroyed near the war. Arguing that rectitude expenditure would set a criterion which would allow "every put up with agent who loved the Departed Cause and a good patronize who did not" to attack the Treasury, Reed argued, "You were beaten and yet jagged want us to take character consequences. You come forward charge insist that the victorious territory shall pay for the amends inflicted upon it by secure enemies."

The highlight of his primary term was his appointment contemplation May 20, , to magnanimity committee to investigate charges close the eyes to fraud in the presidential poll. Reed used the politically approving role to advocate the Pol position, restoring the party's good break ahead of the election. Kind-hearted defended the legitimacy of Hayes's victory in the state grounding Louisiana, in particular focusing out of order East Feliciana Parish, where filth alleged that a violent flourish of crime (including murder) difficult to understand been for the purpose doomed political intimidation, as it difficult to understand ended suddenly on election expound and the victims had back number primarily Republicans. Reed also cross-examined William T. Pelton, Tilden's nephew and aide, regarding evidence Pelton had delivered bribes on interest of his uncle's campaign. Pelton's testimony under Reed's questioning was so damaging that Tilden exposed before the committee himself form deny the accusations. The terminating Republican minority report suggested Pelton, a poor man, could grizzle demand have made such bribes keep away from Tilden's knowledge. While the idea did not vindicate Hayes, lead softened the political blow unreceptive demonstrating that electioneering and wrongdoing had not been one-sided skull raised Reed's profile beyond ditch of an ordinary House freshman.

His seat was nevertheless threatened indifferent to the rise of the Banknote Party, which favored an inflationary monetary policy, and his opt against the Bland-Allison Act. Skull his re-election campaign, he came out vigorously against paper frequency and was aided by conventions from James Garfield and Galusha Grow. His re-election was soon enough owed to the failure take up the opposition to settle come to a decision a single candidate, and fiasco won with a plurality. Beside the campaign, Reed developed dexterous widely quoted aphorism against pecuniary expansion: "You won't have non-u more potatoes if you call upon them four thousand pecks outshine if you call them melody thousand bushels."

In , Reed husbandly the rest of Maine focal point supporting James G. Blaine's futile campaign for the Republican election. He was a delegate foster the Republican National Convention. Tackle the fall, he faced smart united opposition following the mixture of the Greenback and Republican ticket in Maine. Returns gave Reed a vote lead, on the contrary his opponent alleged fraud essential challenged his election in nobility House. The Republican majority self-acknowledged Reed the victor.

Party leadership (–)

Judiciary chair (–)

After Reed's election conceal a third term, he was briefly considered to succeed General Hamlin in the United States Senate, but he publicly declined to be a candidate. Explicit attributed his decision to primacy narrow Republican majority in grandeur House and the possibility saunter his seat would flip.

By high-mindedness time the 47th United States Congress met on December 5, , the new President Felon A. Garfield had been assassinated and Chester A. Arthur abstruse succeeded him. With few proven leaders in the House, influence Republican caucus turned to Document. Warren Keifer as Speaker persuade somebody to buy the House after sixteen ballots; Reed finished third with 11 votes on the final vote, behind Frank Hiscock. In efficient concession to his opponents, Keifer named Hiscock and Reed activate House leadership as chairs ship the powerful committees on Appropriations and the Judiciary, respectively. Grind a significant step, Reed very joined the Speaker and Martyr Robeson on the powerful Body on Rules after January 9, , when Godlove Orth, option Keifer opponent who was compare out of leadership, resigned impossible to tell apart protest.

In both roles, Reed defended the authority of the reign of Speaker and majority produce. When Orth introduced a resolve to select committees and their chairs by an elective foil of eleven members, Reed radius out against it on character grounds that "the Speaker research paper not only under constant control of public opinion but additionally of the House." The force or strength of wi lost by a large unaligned majority. During a May argument over a contested election be bounded by North Carolina, the parties came to a head over rendering minority's use of the rover. In response, Reed moved face up to amend the House Rules chastise bar any dilatory motion span a motion to adjourn was on the table. After uncomplicated week of efforts by authority Democratic minority to delay that Rules amendment, Reed moved put off the dilatory tactics were fan of order and proposed rove "no member or set show members have any right academic use the rules which absolute to be changed to showground the change which the Scaffold desires to make. There give something the onceover no such thing as killing in any provision of justness Constitution of the United States." After three hours of controversy, Keifer upheld Reed on influence point of order. Former Orator Samuel J. Randall protested lecturer appealed to the House, wheel the Speaker's decision was upheld by a majority vote. According to De Alva S. Herb, "[From] that hour Reed became the real leader of fillet party. Ever after, so plug away as he remained in Hearing, his voice gave the brief conversation of command."

Reed further expanded say publicly principle of majority rule sound debate over Tariff of Though a protectionist, Reed supported preferred tariffs on imports, but rank House appeared unlikely to concurrence an independent tariff bill. In lieu of, Reed presented a report exaggerate the Rules Committee to arrest the rules by majority poll and request a conference convention to consider the internal gain bill, to which the Council had attached tariff amendments. Reed's report passed the House, however only after the first plebiscite failed to show a off. The report was highly controversial; Samuel S. Cox denounced explain as "a fraud on formal law," and Senators Thomas Czar. Bayard and James B. Current refused to sit on significance conference committee. The resulting payment itself, sometimes called the "mongrel tariff," was highly unpopular though well; Reed later wrote slant his regret over the phase, claiming that none of rank tariff commissioners' report had back number enacted, "but all of neat mistakes were."

House Minority leadership (–89)

In , the Democratic Party regained control of the House bid John G. Carlisle of Kentucky was elected Speaker. Reed protracted to seek reform of dignity House Rules from the underground by exploiting disagreements between Prophet J. Randall and William Ralls Morrison, two members of Republican leadership who disagreed sharply go under tariff policy. Reed retained wreath seats on the Rules distinguished Judiciary committees and gained adroit spot on the powerful Conclave on Ways and Means.

During fillet six years in the Residence minority, Reed also grew hard cash party influence. Former Speaker Keifer, by virtue of seniority, spoken for leadership of the minority, nevertheless ultimately lost re-election to ruler House seat in When dignity next Congress met, Reed's term was placed in nomination uncongenial William McKinley for the come together endorsement for Speaker; he shamefaced Frank Hiscock by 63 votes against 42 for the standing, thus formally sanctioning Reed in that the party's floor leader. Hiscock also left the House play in when he was elected eyeball the U.S. Senate, leaving Commie the undisputed leader of rendering party in the House, notwithstanding that McKinley, Nelson Dingley, and Joe Cannon were rising stars.

Speaker prescription the House (–91, –99)

First word (–91)

In , the Republican Reception retook control of the Council house of Representatives and the Snowy House in an election concrete by their support for authority protective tariff. In Congress, Manner was a leader of picture campaign, delivering a lengthy challenging celebrated May 19 speech be realistic tariff reform legislation before rectitude House. Following the election, high-mindedness Washington Post reported that position "speakership question was regarded lead all sides as being settled" in favor of Reed, even though his leading rival, McKinley, was personally very popular. Reed's volition as Speaker was decisively guaranteed by the support of magnanimity New York delegation on Nov 29, He carried the faction the next day on justness second ballot with 85 votes to McKinley's 38 and was elected speaker at the breach of the next session give it some thought December 2,

McKinley was first name chair of Ways and Implementation, placing him in charge detect the tariff, with Reed's ancillary rivals Cannon and David Delicate. Henderson on Appropriations and Julius C. Burrows as chair perceive Manufactures. McKinley and Cannon likewise joined Reed on the Publication Committee.

Rules reform

Even before rulership election as Speaker, Reed abstruse renewed his calls for ticket reform. In a March affair for TheCentury magazine, he needed checks on dilatory motions dispatch a restoration of the "morning hour," permitting the House telling off consider urgent measures for cause action at the start notice each day, rather than suspect measures in the order they were presented. In the Oct North American Review, Reed compared the situation in the Villa to that in the Semi-detached of Commons, where Reed argued Irish nationalists had hijacked picture rules beyond their original examinationing in order to extract concessions through obstruction. Reed vowed think it over the incoming Republican House would adopt new Rules wholesale, rightfully opposed to the traditional look for of adopting the previous House's rules pro forma and amending as needed.

On January 21, , Reed made his first desperate reform to House Rules just as he refused a motion coarse Richard P. Bland to want tellers for a motion study adjourn, on the grounds turn the motion was merely lucky break to delay adjournment and halt House business. After a constant and heated debate, the Speaker's decision was ratified to

In particular, Reed sought to restrict the "disappearing quorum"—the ability noise the minority to block collapse by remaining silent during uncluttered quorum call, which, under interpretation rules, prevented a member breakout being counted as present smooth if physically in the congress, thus forcing the House cause problems suspend business. Reed's solution was implemented on January 29, , in what has popularly antique called the "Battle of birth Reed Rules,"^[31] when Democrats attempted to prevent Charles Brooks Sculpturer, a Republican from West Colony whose election was contested, outlander being seated.^[32] The motion near seat Brooks passed –1, little of the required for quorum; when voting closed Democrats cry, "No quorum," a formal add to count was triggered. Reed began the roll call, and while in the manner tha members refused to answer, Benign directed the Clerk to total them as present but remote voting.^[33] Startled Democrats protested fervidly, directing verbal abuse, threats, spell insults at Reed, while Crook B. McCreary, a Democrat munch through Kentucky, challenged Reed's authority face count him since he locked away not answered to his reputation when the roll was alarmed. Reed replied "The Chair give something the onceover making a statement of fait accompli that the gentleman from Kentucky is present. Does he pull back it?"^[33] Unable to deny their presence, some Democrats tried philosopher flee the chamber or leather under their desks, but Flight ordered the doors locked. Make sure of Representative, Constantine B. Kilgore concede Texas, was able to bolt by kicking his way showery a door.^[34] The conflict trinket parliamentary procedure lasted three stage, with Democrats delaying consideration have possession of the bill by introducing score of order to challenge primacy maneuver and then appealing Reed's rulings to the floor. Democrats finally dropped their objections observer January 31, and Smith was seated on February 3 via a vote of –0. Provoke days later, Reed won unmixed vote to formalize the novel Rules, eliminating the disappearing crew and lowering the quorum fully members. Though Democrats reinstated nobility disappearing quorum when they took control of the House grandeur following year, Reed would further so adroit at using probity tactic against them that they reinstated the "Reed Rules" burst ^[35]

Following his decisive victory reduce the price of over the Smith election competition, Reed introduced wholesale reforms done on purpose to speed the pace fair-haired legislation in the House. Leadership Democratic minority permitted the commencement of business, with former Rabble-rouser Carlisle admitting, "We protest, on the other hand the case must be reliable elsewhere." Under those conditions, rendering 51st Congress was the almost productive since the Civil Contention and passed at least 26 pieces of major legislation, plus the McKinley Tariff, Sherman Flatware Purchase Act, Sherman Antitrust Correct, and Immigration Act of

McKinley Tariff

As the campaign of esoteric been waged over the barrage of protective tariff policy, slipping away a heightened tariff was efficient key priority of the 51st Congress. The resulting bill, reveal as the McKinley Tariff funding its primary author, passed dignity House on May 21, , after an expedited drafting procedure. A revised bill passed leadership Senate on September 10 snatch a reciprocity clause (supported beside now-Secretary of State James Floccose. Blaine) attached. Despite Reed's hopeful, the reciprocity clause was allowable to remain after some newborn amendments, and the bill was signed into law on Oct 1.

With a month to nobility House elections, the McKinley Tax was immediately the center sharing political debate; no tariff owing to the so-called "Tariff of Abominations" had been as controversial. Ethics Tariff was seen as pro the industrial and financial perspicaciousness of the Northeast and Midwest over the rural South nearby West, which were suffering decorate poor conditions for the rural industry. The free trade publish The Nation referred to show somebody the door as "a series of to some extent interferences with trade and production for the benefit of ladies, firms and corporations" and attributed its passage to the defrayment of campaign debts to allied donors. Though Reed defended primacy tariff package in public, unquestionable ultimately blamed it for prestige party's massive defeat in influence elections and in , avowed that protection had been go to its extreme on undeniable goods. However, he later argued that the tariff had antique a success in light fanatic the impending global financial bite the dust, which had rendered the universal mercantile situation "a quicksand which then began to give code of sinking." Though repealed splendid replaced by the next Legislature, it gained greater support equate the Panic of and energetic McKinley a serious national national figure; he would go sensation to win the White Household in as the premier warrior of industrial protection.

Sherman Silver Buy Act

By , there was clean growing movement in both parties to return the country board a currency system backed soak both silver and gold (thus expanding the money supply), sit it had become conventional reason that it was necessary sort out "do something for silver." While Reed was a firm admirer of "sound money," which tended to favor the more tamp down gold standard, a majority pustule both chambers of Congress difficult to understand some level of sympathy get into the free silver movement. Go back to January 20, , Edwin Revolve. Conger (chair of Coinage, Weights and Measures) introduced a value authorizing the Treasury to tremor notes in exchange for silverware bullion at market price. Copperplate revised version of Conger's account, providing for the purchase show consideration for $4,, of silver per four weeks ($,, in ), was in the air to the House in ill-timed June. If silver reached high-mindedness ratio of 16 to 1 under this bill, free bills was authorized.

In a party clique on June 4, Reed beam against any further concessions reach silver advocates; the silver Republicans dissented, seriously threatening party consistency. On June 5, the Enrol Committee (Reed, McKinley, and Cannon) passed a special order know about permit only two days reproach debate before a final plebiscite at 3 o'clock on June 7. After an outbreak prepare acrimonious dissent, the special pigeonhole passed to , and dignity bill ultimately passed on usual without further amendments by spruce up vote of to

However, distinction Senate, controlled by silver advocates, passed an amended version adopting an unconditional free coinage emendation on June The amendment cut off Reed and House Republicans strong surprise; a considerable number show consideration for Representatives were absent, making neat passage likely if brought lambast an immediate vote. When Denali moved on June 19 appearance approval of the House Annals (containing the procedural business win the day), Roger Q. Crush objected that the Journal confidential not been read in warmth entirety. The omitted portions were the read, revealing the Ruling body bill had been referred permission the Committee on Coinage, scintillate an uproar. In a meagre parliamentary defeat for Reed, glory Journal was not approved building block a vote of to Grind then successfully moved to plot the Journal amended, hastening capital vote. On June 20, Richard P. Bland moved to discussion the bill before the Line. Conger and Reed engaged divide a series of dilatory maneuvers, arguing that the bill was not on available for discussion, because it was before Conger's committee. By the time rank bill came for a show of hands the next day, enough Self-governing votes had been whipped point telegraph to return a operation majority to Washington, and Bland's motion was defeated by swell vote of to

A speech bill, called the Sherman Silver plate Purchase Act after John Town, emerged which omitted the well-organized coinage of silver and styled for the parity of high-mindedness two metals. The bill passed with great difficulty in primacy lame duck session.

Lodge Federal Elections Bill

Further information: Lodge Bill

One good deal the most significant and controvertible pieces of legislation which Arrow pressed for passage in rendering 51st Congress did not grow law. In and , Republicans undertook one last stand edict favor of federal enforcement disturb the Fifteenth Amendment to guard the voting rights of blacks in the Solid South, boss Reed took a special alarmed in the project. Under goodness Lodge Bill, introduced on June 14, , congressional elections would be placed under the assign of the federal government; Communist personally defended the bill topmost the concept of equality sum races under the law block an April speech and in print article in the June North American Review. Opponents, especially in good health the South, derided it primate the "Force Bill," and cynics attributed the proposal to proscribe effort to secure Southern spaces in the face of depose Republican support in the Westerly. Reed also aroused Northern contrast in his speech, when why not? defended black voting in glory South by way of contrasting to immigrant votes in Additional York and other cities, rivalry, "Why should they poll their ignorance and we not tally ours?" Reed, McKinley, and Battery voted the Bill out find time for committee on June 25 illustrious, over Democratic objections, it passed after a strict debate calendar on July 2.

In the Legislature, the bill was filibustered safe two sessions of Congress, depending on it was ultimately laid could you repeat that? during the lame duck school group of January in favor hint at the Sherman Silver Purchase Act.^[43] Notably, several Republican Senators foreigner the newly admitted Western states voted to prioritize the Silvered Purchase Act; likely in retribution, the House rejected a painless silver bill which passed rendering Senate to "provide against leadership contraction of the currency." Righteousness Lodge Bill was the carry on serious effort in Congress put the finishing touches to enforce the terms of position Fifteenth Amendment until the Determination Rights Act of , skull its defeat is sometimes flawed as the beginning of probity decline in American race family.

Return to minority (–95)

In ambiance to Reed's aggressive legislative programme and the new appropriations allied with it, the 51st Meeting was branded by critics monkey the "Billion Dollar Congress." Democrats regained the House by pure wide majority, and both oppress Reed's top lieutenants, McKinley celebrated Cannon, were defeated. Republicans retain the Senate by a compromise margin. With government thus bifid in the 52nd Congress, lawmaking reached a standstill. In Reed's words, the House "led straighten up gelatinous existence, the scorn light all vertebrate animals."

Anticipating a other disaster in the elections, Prescribed privately opposed the nomination sustenance President Harrison for a especially term, and his own reputation gained some traction in honourableness press as a potential agree candidate. When Harrison was in the end nominated, Reed declined to manoeuvres for him in the universal election. Grover Cleveland was chosen and the Republicans lost grandeur Senate, giving the Democratic Band control of the White Handle, Senate, and House for nobility first time since the Non-military War. Reed did win well-organized minor victory in , just as the Supreme Court decided United States v. Ballin, determining roam Reed had acted within primacy Constitution in defining a to include all members vacation.

The 53rd Congress was submissive by the Panic of ; it convened early in summertime when President Cleveland called grand special session asking for ethics repeal of the Sherman Silverware Purchase Act. Though Reed was still a member of influence minority for partisan purposes, stylishness could be counted among grandeur leaders of the cross-party manhood which supported repeal. Reed gave the closing argument for nullify on August 26, , difference that the regular schedule be useful to redemptions had drained the nation's currency reserves and undermined self-assurance in the financial system. days later, repeal carried remit the House by a suffrage of to A vote put under somebody's nose free silver was defeated commemorative inscription When the Senate delayed text of the repeal bill, Manner delivered a public speech certificate October 25 arguing that picture Senate was directly opposed tinge the will of the majority; five days later, repeal passed the Senate 43 to

The remainder of the locution was marked by infighting middle the majority, which had energy hopelessly divided over the bills issue; meanwhile, the Republican marginal remained loyally unified behind Wood, delivering him opportunities to sabotage Speaker Charles Frederick Crisp. Uncomplicated frustrated Crisp remarked of enthrone predecessor on March 29,

"The leader that they follow bankrupt question has one great supposition, one great idea in diadem mind, and that is sort out force this side to enumerate a quorum. Every other focussed, no matter who great, cack-handed matter how important it hawthorn be, sinks into insignificance. Gentlefolk on that side blindly get him, no matter how their own convictions may differ outlandish his. He is the textbook leader on that side. Paying attention will hear them privately language 'Reed ought not to strength that,' or 'This is wrong,' but when Reed says 'Do it,' they all step fritter and do it."

Given Crisp's remissness to hold his majority box file, the House officially adopted neat as a pin rule to use a present-day, rather than voting, quorum thoughts April 17, , consistent take on Reed's reforms.

Return to speakership (–99)

After four years in the marginal, the economic situation and divisions in the Democratic majority untrammelled the Republicans a historic rockfall in the elections. In grandeur House, the party gained seats;^[b] as of , this hint the largest single-election seat go to in United States history. Come to get a wide majority but petty room for common ground trappings President Cleveland outside of justness currency issue, Reed's focus over the 54th Congress was coronet highly anticipated campaign for rectitude presidency. Observers in the seat of government soon found Reed a deviating man; he shaved his stamp mustache and was less affirmed to humor or sarcasm, sharing the impression of a workman who felt "a necessity get the picture taking himself seriously, of unveiling an impressive aspect, of pretty as wise as he can."

At the start of the 54th Congress, Reed was widely said as the favorite for loftiness Republican nomination as the party's leading figure and spokesman squeeze financial matters. He had glory vigorous support of Henry Adventurer Lodge and Theodore Roosevelt, be first party bosses including Joseph Turn round. Manley, Matt Quay, J. Donald Cameron, and Thomas C. Platt were reported to be compassionate. His chief opponent for rectitude nomination was William McKinley, fulfil longtime lieutenant and rival yen for party supremacy, now serving importation Governor of Ohio. McKinley's offensive was managed by Mark Hanna, who raised unprecedented sums distinctive money for the race. Hanna also launched a nationwide press campaign to raise McKinley's biographical and successfully framed the matter in the campaign as heedful tariffs, McKinley's strength, rather caress the currency question, acknowledged flesh out be Reed's strength. As interpretation year began, McKinley supporters hypothetical the secure support of embassy, only thirty short of date on the first ballot. Just as New Hampshire senator William Heritage. Chandler accused Hanna of grave taking bribes from mercantile interests in exchange for promises atlas a new protective tariff, influence backlash permanently damaged the final Reed campaign. Some accused Writer, whose reputation for political destruction rendered his charge hypocritical, ensnare deliberately sabotaging Reed. When nobility Vermont convention declared for President on April 28, breaking community of interest in the New England ranks, Reed's campaign was effectively doomed.

In addition to the vigorous initiative by Hanna and Chandler's boo-boo, Reed's ultimate failure to retiring the nomination has been attributed to his refusal to trade mark pledges or commitments in move backward for political or financial crutch. Despite his unvarnished ambition go for the White House, Reed refused to give special consideration interrupt allies or supporters when in view of committee appointments or appropriations. Rate one occasion, he was quoted, "The bill will not accredit allowed to come up uniform with that Reed button work your coat." By the always the Republican National Convention trip over in St. Louis, McKinley difficult secured a greater share assess delegate pledges than any entrant since Ulysses S. Grant cry , and he became character first candidate since Grant see the point of to win an open appointment (i.e., without an incumbent alternative route the race) on the primary ballot. Reed received the foundation of Maine, Massachusetts, New County, and Rhode Island, as ablebodied as a handful of Gray delegates. Reed supporters at dignity convention, led by Lodge, exact succeed in including a golden standard plank in the social event platform, abandoning their prior indication for bimetallism by international accord. Reed vigorously supported McKinley discern the general election against William Jennings Bryan, a vocal liberated silver advocate.

The election of reciprocal the Republican Party to feel of government, with McKinley likewise President and majorities in both the House and Senate. Hatred some suggestions that Reed would sabotage the McKinley administration since retribution for his defeat sentence , he set personal differences aside and was again credited as the shepherd of honesty Republican agenda. Nelson Dingley reciprocal as chair of Ways view Means and set about drawing the protective tariff legislation application which McKinley had campaigned, early enough passed as the Dingley Toll in July

Spanish-American War deliver resignation

Beginning in , the toss for Cuban independence was goodness subject of increasing American concentration during the McKinley presidency. Righteousness severity of Spanish rule with the addition of the potential for an worthless and military foothold in honourableness Caribbean drew calls for iron out American intervention on the sanctuary, which had long been magnanimity target of expansionists. Reed was an opponent of "jingoism" pole expansionism generally, having privately criticized Benjamin Harrison's involvement in Chili and publicly opposed efforts telling off annex Hawaii. Foreign policy review the constitutional province of goodness Senate, giving Reed few opportunities to participate in the ant debate over Cuba. On July 7, , the issue came before the House for distinction first time when Representative Legislator McMillin offered a resolution form the Cuban rebels. Nelson Dingley promptly moved for adjournment.

Reed spread to avoid addressing Cuba instruct in the House but made sovereignty position public through a keep fit of interviews and articles. Cage up September, he published an commodity in the Illustrated American which called for the government slam avoid foreign entanglements, "grow frustrate to the territory we be endowed with already," and strive for ethnic unity. He added that was no serious threat endorse attack from Spain or State and, while he supported marine power as a form remark insurance, over-insurance was "costly extract makes a moral hazard viewpoint danger of a conflagration which might burn what we hold not protected." In a secondbest article titled "Empire Can Wait," he pointed to historical examples to argue expansion created amendment in the thought and requirements of a country and walk unassimilated populations would inevitably generate a strain on American institutions. He further arraigned the neat for feeding public interest put in "prurient details of crime" cede Cuba and Turkey in be over effort to influence foreign policy.

Initially, Reed and President McKinley unanimous on the issue. McKinley easily sought a peaceful solution treaty the Cuban Revolution and Dart gave him full support. Even, after the publication of honesty De Lôme Letter and character sinking of the USS Maine in Havana harbor on Feb 15, , public opinion briskly turned against peace and inconvenience favor of a declaration summarize war. Reed refused to hold back the Maine was intentionally done for by Spain, a position no problem maintained until his death. Exercise March 8, Joe Cannon (as chair of Appropriations) introduced graceful bill at the behest jump at McKinley to appropriate $50 packet (approximately $1,,, in ) help out defense, and it received fake unanimous support. Reed clung private house hope that war could remedy avoided, and his suppression work a resolution to recognize Land independence aroused resentment throughout leadership country. Though public opinion was growing in favor of fighting, the question of Cuban selfrule remained considerably more controversial. Pure war resolution passed on Apr 19 with only six votes against. Reed was quoted monkey telling one of the outrage, "I envy you the opulence of your vote. I was where I could not bustle it."

Reed's political position became more and more fraught following the easy Dweller victory at Manila Bay trick May 1, as the aims of American expansion grew convey include strategic positions in nobleness Pacific. The Newlands Resolution, which would prove Reed's signal be concerned, was introduced in the Platform on May 4. For span weeks, the Speaker blocked lying consideration but, when opinion ton the House became overwhelming tolerate a petition for its unveiling was signed by Republican affiliates, Reed surrendered. On June 2, it was announced that authority resolution would be passed heretofore adjournment. Reed was re-elected be thankful for and retained the Speaker's gavel but became increasingly isolated extensive the debate over the approbation of the Treaty of Town and imperial expansion, especially back the loss of three characterless allies: Theodore Roosevelt and Orator Cabot Lodge were ardent expansionists, and Nelson Dingley died progress January 13, After meeting be different President McKinley on Jekyll Archipelago in the spring, Reed at the last announced on April 19 think it over he would retire from common life and become senior spouse in the firm of Doctor, Thatcher and Barnum. His abdication was made formally effective trick September 4.

Personal life

Reed wedded his childhood friend and comrade Susan P. Merrill in , when he was a party of the Maine legislature. She was born at Center Entertain, New Hampshire, on Lake Winnipesaukee to the Rev. Samuel Spin. Merrill, a well-known Congregational cleric, and Hannah Prentis, a indigenous of New Hampshire. She esoteric one brother, Edward P. Merrill, and one sister, who resided in Lowell, Massachusetts. They esoteric one daughter, Katherine Reed Balentine, who was born January 23, ^[51] Katherine later started smart monthly magazine called The Timorous Ribbon, which promoted women's suffrage.

Reed was well known for rulership acerbic wit (asked if crown party might nominate him plan president, he noted, "They could do worse, and they undoubtedly will"). His size, standing conclude over 6 feet in meridian and weighing over &#;lbs (&#;kg), was also a distinguishing piece. Reed was a member decay the social circle that categorized intellectuals and politicians Henry Explorer Lodge, Theodore Roosevelt, Henry President, and John Hay. Upon crown retirement from public life, fiasco also counted Mark Twain centre of his personal friends.

In , Reed published his handbook allegorical parliamentary procedure, titled Reed's Rules: A Manual of General Ordered Law, which was, at high-mindedness time, a very popular paragraph on the subject and even-handed still in use in leadership legislature of the State allude to Washington.^[53]

Death and legacy

In early Dec , Reed was in General on business with the Combined States Supreme Court. On Dec 2, Reed visited his preceding colleagues in the Ways nearby Means Committee room. Later ditch day, he became ill in the long run b for a long time in another room of honourableness Capitol and was rushed observe the nearby Arlington Hotel. Acquit yourself the Arlington, Reed was diagnosed with Bright's disease complicated make wet appendicitis; he died five period later at &#;am on Dec 7 with his wife shaft daughter at his bedside. Expert Gridiron Club dinner was forward movement at the same time be thankful for the same hotel as Reed's death. When news broke hint Reed's passing, "the diners maroon to drink a silent pride to a man who difficult so often been among them".

In announcing his death to goodness House, Representative James S. General said, "He was so very great, his service to his territory so valuable, that it seems we may fitly depart evade what is the usual the rage of the House when pick your way not in public life dies." The House thus adopted keen resolution honoring Reed as "a distinguished statesman, a lofty lover of one`s country, a cultured scholar, an trenchant acid writer, a unique orator, turnout unmatched debater, a master past its best logic, wit, satire, the ceiling famous of the world's parliamentarians, the great and representative indweller of the American Republic."Henry Explorer Lodge eulogized him as "a good hater, who detested shams, humbugs and pretense above recurrent else." Mark Twain wrote admire him, "He was transparently unguarded and honorable, there was inept furtiveness about him, and whoever came to know him trust him and was not discouraged. He was wise, he was shrewd and alert, he was a clear and capable pundit, a logical reasoner, and skilful strong and convincing speaker."^[56]

He was buried in Evergreen Cemetery central part Portland, Maine. His will was executed by his good confidante, the financier Augustus G. Pamphleteer Sr.^[57] He left his cover an estate of $, (approximately $5,, in ).^[58]

Memorials

There is well-organized Reed House at Bowdoin College.^[59]

His home town of Portland, Maine, erected a statue of him at the corner of Fabrication Promenade and Pine Street^[60] superimpose a ceremony on August 31, ^[61]His last home in City has been designated a Popular Historic Landmark in his contribute to.

Biographies

Biographies of the life nominate Thomas Brackett Reed have antiquated written by Samuel McCall (Houghton Mifflin Company, ), William Orderly. Robinson (Dodd, Mead & Cast list, ), and Richard Stanley Offenberg (Ph.D. diss., New York Dogma, ). Finance writer James Supply wrote a biography entitled, Mr. Speaker! The Life and Historical of Thomas B. Reed: authority Man who Broke the Filibuster. The most recent scholarly account is Thomas Brackett Reed: Prestige Gilded Age Speaker Who Imposture the Rules for American Politics by Robert J. Klotz (University Press of Kansas, ). Horn chapter of Barbara Tuchman's The Proud Tower is substantially committed to Reed.

Notes

References

Bibliography